The production of conserved forage to serve the demand of production livestock farming in seasonal conditions is of fundamental importance to achieve greater efficiency within the production process. Within this context, silage is one of the most viable and used forms of conservation. Generally, the grass has the best nutritional value when young, however, they have low dry matter content, associated with low levels of fermentable carbohydrates and some buffering power. In order to minimize these effects that limit the production of high-quality silage, the objective of this study was to evaluate the results of the use of the pelletized citrus pulp additive, with or without bacterial inoculant, on the fermentative quality of the silage of BRS Capiaçu elephant grass. The studies were carried out at the Institute of Animal Science of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil. The climate in the region is AW, tropical hot humid, with a dry period in winter and rainy in summer, according to the Köppen classification. The Elephant grass cultivar BRS Capiaçu was harvested 70 days after the uniformity cut. The experimental drawing used was completely randomized (DIC), consisting of 10 treatments: pure grass, grass + bacterial inoculant, grass + pelletized citrus pulp (5,10,15 and 20% in MN), grass + pelletized citrus pulp (5,10,15 and 20% in MN) + bacterial inoculant, with 4 replications each, composing 40 experimental units. pH, effluent losses, gas losses, dry matter recovery, dry matter, organic matter, mineral matter, ether extract, gross energy, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, protein acid detergent insoluble, neutral detergent insoluble protein, total carbohydrates, non-fibrous carbohydrates, lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. For the statistical analysis, the SISVAR-DES/UFLA software version 5.8 (Build 92) was used, submitting the data to the analysis of variance at a significance level of 0.05 probability. Tukey for the source of qualitative variation (bacterial inoculant) and regression for the source of quantitative variation (doses of pelleted citrus pulp). The silages were made in PVC mini silos, being opened after 90 days, when they were evaluated for chemical-bromatological composition. There was a significant effect (P<0.01) for pH values at different levels of addition with citrus pulp, however, no regression equation was adjusted, observing values between 3.44 and 3.59, all values for pH are within the ideal range for good quality silages, interaction between the factors for OM, MM and EE was observed, a quadratic effect was observed in the presence of the inoculant for OM and MM, with a minimum estimate of 92.87% OM and a maximum estimate of 7.13% MM, there was an increasing and decreasing linear effect in the absence of the inoculant for OM and MM, respectively, with an increase of 0.15% OM and a decrease of 0.15% MM for each 1% inclusion with citrus pulp pelleted , a quadratic effect was observed in the absence of the inoculant for EE, with a minimum average estimate of 1.98% EE, and there was a decreasing linear effect in the presence of the inoculant, with a reduction of 0.02% EE for each 1% inclusion of citrus pulp , an interaction effect was also observed between the factors for CP, LIG, TC and EW, no equation was adjusted for the estimates for CP, which had averages between 6.76 and 7.29, there was a quadratic effect in the absence of the inoculant for average values for LIG, being estimated maximum average of 7.24% LIG, already in the presence of inoculant was not found equation to estimate values for LIG, there was a quadratic effect in the presence or absence of inoculant for TC, with minimum estimate of 83.48% TC and maximum of 84.33% TC, respectively, quadratic effect was observed in absence of the inoculant for EW, with a minimum estimate of 0 Kg.ton-1 for EW, and decreasing linear effect in the presence of the inoculant, with a reduction of 1.65 Kg.ton-1 PE for each 1% inclusion of pelleted citrus pulp . The inclusion of pelleted citrus pulp resulted in an increasing linear effect for NFC, DM, NDIP and ADIP, with an increase of 1.27% NFC, 0.5% MS, 0.28% NDIP and 0.14% ADIP for each 1% addition of citrus pulp, a decreasing linear effect was observed concerning the levels of inclusion with citrus pulp pellets for the values of NDF, ADF, HEM and CEL, with a decrease of 1.23% NDF, 0.62% ADF, 0, 62% HEM and 0.58% CEL for each 1% inclusion of pelleted citrus pulp. The inclusion of 10 to 20% of pelleted citrus pulp, based on the natural material of the BRS Capiaçu elephant grass, was able to minimize losses through effluents and provide an increase in fermentable carbohydrates, improving the nutritional quality of the silages. 

ABSTRACT

The objective was to evaluate the zootechnical performance, the biometry of organs and bones and the digestibility of nutrients in diets containing essential oil of Pêra orange (Citrus sinensis L.) for broiler. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design - DIC, with six treatments (0; 50; 100; 150, 200 and 250 mg of orange essential oil/kg of feed), eight repetitions with six birds each (n = 288). Feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion and bird viability were evaluated, in the period from one to 21 days of age. Nutrient digestibility was determined by total collection of bird excreta. Excreta and diets were analyzed to determine the metabolizability coefficients for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), energy (EB), ether extract (EE) and mineral matter (MM). At 21 days of age, two birds from each replicate were euthanized by cervical dislocation (n = 96), in compliance with the ethical principles of experimental animals. The organs of the digestive system (liver, gizzard, pancreas and intestine) and heart were submitted to biometry and the bones to metric variables (in natura weights, length and diameters), bone density (Seedor Index) and total mineral composition (ashes). The addition of pera orange essential oil (Citrus sinensis L.) did not influence performance parameters and organ biometry. The bone characteristics were influenced by the phytogenic additive, with an increase in the vertical and horizontal diameter of the tibias and horizontal diameter of the femurs, and the inclusion of higher values of orange essential oil resulted in a reduction in the breaking strength of the tibia and in the % of ash on the femurs. The digestibility of nutrients in the diets were positively influenced by the inclusion of 250 mg of pera orange essential oil/kg of ration.

There will be a substantial increase in the world's population in the coming years and consequently a growing demand for food. Agriculture is responsible for most of what is consumed, being a key activity in the context of food security. Within the ecosystem that involves these activities are agriculture and livestock. Although both are somewhat correlated, within the context in question, livestock derived from the production of beef cattle requires special attention, as it is one of the main sources of protein for human beings. The production of beef cattle in Brazil is carried out in the most diverse ways and conditions, with a diversity of social, environmental, economic, management, food supply, genetics, among other issues involved, which reflects in complex interactions, which can be decisive in the success of the activity. These interactions represent a challenge when dealing with planning, sometimes limiting us in terms of the lack of insights that can be decisive in decision making. Therefore, artificial intelligence can be an important tool in order to understand these interactions. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify the main variables associated with beef cattle production in Brazil using the Randon Forest algorithm. Finally, it is expected that data manipulation will contribute to the planning of the bovine production chain, becoming a disruptive innovation in the context of Brazil, providing information that will help strategies of rural organizations and public policies, which are important in the agribusiness ecosystem. It was verified that the areas where limestone application practices and/or other soil correctives are not used, represent the most important variables in relation to the number of cattle produced. These aspects suggest that the largest portions of the areas fall short of what is expected in terms of management practices. Practices related to pasture management are not considered a priority, which justifies the high rates of degradation related to livestock activity, which consequently interferes with the biomass produced and animal support. Cattle farming is considered a villain with regard to soil degradation and deforestation, aspects corroborated in this study. Therefore, a commitment on the part of the government is necessary, with regard to public policies aimed at rural extension and scientific research showing the benefits related to practices, especially justifying through economic metrics the returns obtained since it employs management techniques from soil. According to the evaluations, the production of flour represents greater importance in relation to the amount of beef produced in the agroindustry. Next, variables such as the production of meat from other animals, except for pigs, poultry, sheep and goats, are of some degree of importance in relation to the dependent variable. The observed pattern can be attributed to a pre-assembled structure in the agro-industrial sense, in which it allows the slaughter of animals of another nature. In general, these aspects must be thoroughly evaluated, in order to obtain more convincing results, especially those that can guide public policies effectively.

GOMES PEREIRA, Jean. Adjustments to nonlinear equations to estimate growth and food consumption for Nile tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) in net cage. 2022. 38p. Dissertation (Masters in Animal Science). Zootechny Institute, Federal Rural University from Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2022. Mathematical models are the referential bases for automatic production systems to be performed and effective. The objective of this research was to adjust equations of non-linear models (Gompertz and Logistic) to estimate the growth and feed consumption of Nile tilapia from data from real production in cages. To model the growth in body weight (g) and feed intake (g) during 120 days of rearing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the fattening stage under commercial cultivation conditions, data were obtained from nine cages of a fish farm. located in the South of the State of Rio de Janeiro. These data come from the creation of tilapia in the intensive system in net tanks and obtained through biweekly biometrics (nine biometrics) and the daily amount of feed offered to the animals. These data were used to adjust two traditional non-linear mathematical models (Gompertz and Logistic) through the Least Squares theory, using the iterative Marquardt method. The computational procedures were performed by PROC NLIN of SAS. Fit evaluators (AIC, DMA, biological interpretation and analysis of residues) were adopted, selecting the best model. The growth curves for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) for the nine net tanks through the Gompertz equation in the same plane with the observed points reveal the differentiated curve behavior for each sampling unit, it was observed the heterogeneity of the curves and values in weight for this fish population at the end of 360 days of rearing.

The objective was to determine the apparent digestibility of nutrients (CDap), estimate metabolizable energy (ME), digestible protein (Pdig), water balance (WB), nitrogen balance (NB), fermentation pattern, dry matter degradation and pH of three experimental diets for athlete horses in training. The trial was conducted at the Equine Performance Assessment Laboratory - LADEq/UFRRJ, located at the Army Equitation School (EsEqEx) in Deodoro/RJ, at the Equine Health Research Laboratory - EQUILAB and at the Bromatology Laboratory of the Institute of Animal Science. – LABNUTRI/UFRRJ. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals under n°6062121118. A completely randomized design was carried out, in which the variables were evaluated as a function of the treatments (experimental diets). We used 12 adult male athletes horses with average live weight (LW) of 481 kg, body score between 4.5 and 5.5 and age between 8 and 15 years. The experimental diets evaluated were: control diet (CON) - consisting of commercial pelleted ration and Coastcross hay, complete extruded diet (CED) and DCE associated with Coastcross hay provided in small amounts inside bags, as environmental enrichment (ENR) . The diets were provided to meet the nutritional requirements of athletic horses in intense activity, the animals consumed from 1.8 to 2.0% of their BW in kg of dry matter (DM). The metabolism test lasted three days and was conducted using the method of total feces collection, total urine collection, and control of consumption and water intake in a 24-hour period. Rubber collectors were used to collect urine. Four urine and feces collections were carried out in six-hour cycles and the control of water intake every two hours. For the in vitro fermentation assay, a completely randomized design with four replications was carried out. The treatments were the incubated substrates: CED, Coastcross hay (control) and the roughage that composes the CED before extrusion. Six replicates (vials) were incubated per treatment, totaling 18 vials per sample. Three horses with an average BW of 450Kg were used as fecal inoculum donors, kept in paddocks and fed with CED and Coastcross hay. Data were submitted to analysis of variance using the MIXED procedure of the SAS software. The means of CDap variables of nutrients, BH, BN and protein metabolism were compared between the three treatments using the Tukey test. Significance was used when the P value < 0.05. A significant difference was observed for the analyzed variables of the in vitro fermentation. There was no significant effect of treatments on the apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients. In nitrogen balance, there was no significant difference for any variable evaluated. Crude protein consumption (p = 0.0346) was higher for animals in the CON group (1307g/day) when compared to the ENR group (1169g/day), but there was no significant difference between treatments that contained CED in the diet. In the water balance, the variable water excreted by urine showed a significant difference (p=0.02887), the excretion was higher in the animals that consumed 100%CED (7.26L/day) and lower for the animals of the CON treatment (3L/ day). Although the consumption of dietary fiber was similar for the three treatments, the treatment where there was a supply of forage in natura, showed less water excretion through urine and greater water excretion through feces. The test animals did not show metabolic disorders, however, further studies are needed regarding the long-term effects of CED consumption.

Krebs, Lisia Castro. Study of Morphometric Characteristics and the Genomic Wide Association (GWAS) in Campolina Horses. 2021. N. 146. Master's dissertation. Post-Graduation in Animal Science, Post-Graduate Program in Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2021. Studies on morphometric analyzes of horses have progressed in recent years; always assuming that this assessment is related to the horse's fitness. With the advancement of genetic evaluation in equinoculture, the opportunity was created to obtain accurate information about the functionality of animals, as well as the greater accuracy of the offspring and to obtain the desired gene. This research aims to carry out a study of phenotypic characteristics and the Study of Wide Genomic Association (GWAS) of morphometric measurements in Campolina horses. 267 horses were measured, aged over 36 months, registered at the Brazilian Association of Breeders of the Horse Campolina (ABCCCampolina), belonging to the states of Bahia, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, for the phenotypic analysis of 45 morphometric measurements. Of these horses, 48 animals were selected, based on the pedigree, for DNA extraction for later GWAS. And, to identify the genes related to the morphometric measurements, 18,876 horse genealogical records made available by ABCCCampolina were used, which contained the information of 15 morphometric measurements. Genomic DNA was extracted from hair bulb samples using the Nucleospin Tissue kit. After DNA extraction, DNA genotyping occurred using the GGP chip Equine Illumina-24 Kit ~ 65000SNP. The statistical analyzes of Pearson's correlation, covariance, discriminant analysis and main components, and were performed for phenotypic data. After the GWAS was carried out. All analyzes were performed using Rstudio®. In Pearson's correlation analysis, it was observed that the linear and perimeter measurements correlate positively with the 44 morphometric measurements. Most angular measurements have non-significant correlations with morphometric measurements. It was found that in the analysis of covariance, of main components (CP), and discriminant that males showed less variation in linear measures and perimeters in relation to females. In the analysis of GWAS it was observed that the 15 morphometric measurements evaluated presented candidate genes, which were responsible for explaining more than 1% of the genetic variation that occurred in horses of the Campolina breed. It is concluded that in the Campolina breed, linear and perimeter measurements are the most suitable morphometric measures for classifying horses in terms of sex, showing greater sexual dimorphism when compared to angular measurements. The possible candidate genes for the morphometric measurements evaluated were: RBMS3, HAUS, PIK3R1, SUCLG2, ZCWPW2, CLYBL, DNAJC3, DNAJC15, KMO, LMOD3, LOC100630859, LOC102148584, LRCH1 and THRB.

GELIER, Pamela Assis. Effect of season of year, production level and mastitis causative agent on milk quality in semi-intensive production systems. 2021. 57p. Dissertation (Masters in Animal Science, Animal Production). Institute of Animal Science, Department of Animal Production, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2021. Dairy farming is growing with a high demand for quality products. With this, the search for research and tools that collaborate in improving the quality of milk in dairy properties is notorious every day. In this context, two studies were carried out with the aim of evaluating the influence of some factors on the composition and quality of milk. In study I, the objective was to evaluate the influence of time of year and level of production on milk composition, as well as levels of urea nitrogen (NUL), CCS (Somatic cell count) and CPP (Standard plate count). The study was conducted with data from 470 dairy farms located in the region of Vale do Paraíba-SP, the data collection period took place from September 2016 to August 2019. The farms were classified according to production daily average of milk, at three levels of production: 1) High; 2) Medium; and 3) Low. Weekly collections were taken from the pool of each farm's tank to analyze the chemical composition of the milk, CCS and CPP. The study analyzed according to a mixed model where the variables of interest (time of the year and production volume) were considered as a fixed effect in the statistical model, while the farm and year effects were included as random effects in the model. The time of year interfered in CPP, CCS and in all indices of milk composition, presenting the best patterns in the driest months of the year, also a period of greater supplementation of the animals. The level of production interfered in CPP, CCS and NUL, where low production farms have lower levels of NUL and CCS than medium and high production farms. The CPP increased when the farm's production level decreased. In study II, the objective was to evaluate the interference of production level, season of the year, lactation month and type of pathogen present on CCS. The study was carried out with data from 42 dairy farms located in the region of Vale do Paraíba-SP. Farms were also classified, according to the average daily milk production, into three production levels. Individual milk collections were performed monthly for CCS analysis and biannual individual collections for microbiological culture. The study was analyzed in a mixed model where the variables of interest (eg month of the year, production level and the type of pathogen) were considered as a fixed effect in the statistical model, while the farm and year effects were included as random effects. in the model. The month of the year interfered in CCS, presenting the highest averages from February to August. The lactation month interfered in the CCS, showing a linear growth as the lactation period increases. There was an individual effect of the pathogen causing mastitis on CCS, animals that showed positive microbial culture for S. aur and S. aga, had higher levels of CCS, animals that showed positive microbial culture for the groups of agents C. bov, E. spp, S. neg and S. ssp, had lower CCS values and animals positive for the Other agents group had CCS values below 200×103 cel/mL. Using the Low production level as a reference, there was a lower occurrence of the agent S. aur at the High and Medium production levels and a higher occurrence of the agent S. aga and the agent S. neg at the High production levels. It was concluded that the seasons of the year interfere in all milk composition indexes and the farm's production level interferes in the NUL and CPP contents. The month of lactation and the causative agent of mastitis interfere with the individual CCS.

COSTA, Gleyce Lopes da. True ileal digestibility of dicalcium phosphate phosphorus in broiler diets. 2021. 50 f. Dissertation (Master in Zootechnics). Animal Science Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2021. It is likely that the digestibility varies depending on the mineral ingredient origin and its chemical structure, particle size and solubility, thus, the objective of this work was to determine the ileal phosphorus digestibility of three dicalcium phosphates in broiler diets by the regression method. To determine the true ileal digestibility coefficients of phosphorus (DIvP) a metabolism assay was carried out with collection of ileal content. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 3 x 2 +1 factorial scheme, with 3 ingredients (phosphate 1, phosphate 2 and phosphate 3) and 2 inclusion values, and 1 basal diet, with 6 replicates per treatment and 6 birds per unit experimental, totaling 252 birds. Six diets based on corn and soybean meal were formulated with gradual inclusion of test ingredients. Each component test has two inclusion values 0.075 and 0.15% to reach increasing levels of P. In the regression method, the 2 levels of inclusion for each test ingredient plus the result of the basal diet, which will have 0 inclusion of ingredients, are used. test. Titanium dioxide was added to the experimental rations at 0.5%, as an indigestible indicator. The birds were placed in metabolism cages at 15 days of age, being fed from the 17th day on, with the experimental diets. On the 22nd day of life, all birds were slaughtered for later collection of ileal content. The apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of phosphorus in the experimental diets ranged from 48.9 to 54.3%. No relevant interactions were found between the phosphorus level and the source used for the apparent ileal phosphorus digestibility coefficients (P> 0.05). The apparent ileal digestibility of phosphorus was not affected by phosphorus level (P>0.05), but rather by phosphorus sources (P<0.05). The diet with dicalcium phosphate 2 (FB2) had the highest P digestibility, while the diet with FB3 had intermediate digestibility and the diet with FB1 had the lowest digestibility (P <0.05). The true ileal phosphorus digestibility of the phosphates FB1, FB2 and FB3 was provided at 36.39, 48.97 and 35.53% respectively. The final P losses for FB1, FB2 and B3 were 0.66, 0.27 and 0.76 (g / KgMSi) respectively. The highest digestibility found in the present study was that of dicalcium phosphate 2 (FB2) 48.97%. Although no significant differences were found when comparing the digestibility of the different phosphates themselves, FB2 was the one that generated the best digestibility of this phosphate, when compared to FB1 and FB3. A comparison of the regression coefficient of the dicalcium phosphates used by the analysis of covariance did not find significant differences between the phosphorus digestibility of the phosphates used (P>0.05) used. Therefore, it can be stated that the steep slope coefficients of the straight line are equal among the phosphates. A strong linear relationship between the digestible phosphorus content and the total phosphorus content of the diet indicates that the regression method can be used to estimate the true phosphorus digestibility of dicalcium phosphate (R2 = 0.9614, 0.9928 and 0, 9114. Comparison of the results with the sources of P studied here and the literature values updated that methodological details, Ca:P ratio and influence of basal diet can have a large effect on P digestibility, requiring further standardization of P protocol to achieve better comparability of results.The results show that a representative value of phosphorus digestibility of different dicalcium phosphates can be used.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of three additives (bacterial inoculant, urea and whey) on the chemical composition, pH, loss of gas, effluent and recovery of dry matter from rehydrated corn grain silage. The design was completely randomized and consisted of the following treatments: corn grain rehydrated with distilled water (65% DM), commercial bacterial inoculant for corn and sorghum silages, wet grain or whole plant composed of Lactobacillus plantarum, Propionibacterium acidipropionici, binder dioxide silicon and sucrose in the doses of: 50; 75; 100; 125; and 150% of the dose recommended by the manufacturer; urea at doses of: 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; and 2.5%); and, whey in the doses of: 25; 50; 75; and 100% replacing water with 4 repetitions, totaling 60 experimental units. the crushed grain was placed in a container with the addition of water and / or additives, according to the treatments. Then it was placed inside the PVC mini-silo and compacted. The mini-silos had the dimensions of: 50 cm in height and 10 cm in diameter, with a capacity of 3,926 cm3, with lids provided with Bunsen-type valves, in order to prevent the entry of air and allow the free escape of gases from the fermentation and, at the bottom of each mini silo, there was a fabric bag (TNT) containing sand for the accumulation of effluents. The dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, mineral matter, ether extract, crude energy, pH content were evaluated. The bacterial inoculant reduced gas losses, increased dry matter recovery and showed lower pH values when compared to control. Urea increased the values of crude protein, gas losses and pH. The use of whey was effective in reducing the pH, and in the dose of 50% it presented the lowest losses by gases, the highest content of ether extract and dry matter.

CRUZ, Vinicius Alves.Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) varieties as roughage feed in horse diet. 2020. 89p. Dissertation (Master’sdegree in Animal Science) Instituto de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2020.The aim of this project was to evaluate varieties of sugar cane as only roughage source in horse nutrition. The trialswereperformedatUniversidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Campus Seropédica. Eight MangalargaMarchador adult gelding horses with average age of 6,5 yearswere used.A 4x4 duplicate and simultaneous latin square analysis were used. The treatments were sugar cane varieties (SC): RB867515, RB969017, RB098022 and RB058046. Each experimental period would be of 26 days, totalizing 104 days of trial. However, at the end of the adaptation period of SC intake as only roughage source four animals presented colic. Thus, the study was changed. In the first chapter, the feces physicochemical characteristics and its application as preventive tool in colic cases were evaluated. The evaluations were realized as follows: 1° - after elephant grass (EG) adaptation; 2° - after 30% SC consumption; 3° - after 60% SC consumption; 4° - after of 100% SC consumption. The following variables were evaluated:length, width, height, weight, volume, density, dry matter, pH, structure and color.Decrease in pH and fecal ball size, thus increase of DM due to enhance of SC diet inclusion were observed. These alterations were due the high content of non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and lignin in its composition. Intake over 1,41%BW of SC as exclusive roughage were observed in animals that developed colic. The second chapter, the aim was to evaluate the SC varieties nutritive value through a semiautomatic in vitro technique of gas production. Three animals were used as fecal inoculum donors. A randomized block arrangement with repeated measures on split-plot design was used. The treatments were the varieties RB867515, RB058046, RB098022, RB969017, coasctcross hay (CCH) and elephant grass (EG). The subplot was the incubation time of 24 and 48 hours. The dry matter degradation (DMD), cumulative gas production (CGP) and pH in 24 and 48 hours were evaluated. The CGP was adjusted by a bicompartmental mathematic model with the following parameters: Maximum volume of gas production from soluble nutrients (Vf₁); fermentation rate of soluble nutrients (C₁);Lag phase (L);Maximum volume of gas production from non-soluble nutrients (Vf₂); fermentation rate of non-soluble nutrients (C₂). High values of DMD, CGP for SC in comparison of the feed CCH and CE were observed. Low values of SC pH were observed. No significant differences in the SC varieties of model parameters were observed. Moreover, SC presented superior vf₁ and vf₂ values compared to CCH and EG, indicating that the SC has superior nutritive value than CCH and EG through in vitro technique. In general, the SC is a food with high concentrationNFC which stimulate DM consumption. However, the high lignin content makes it contraindicate for horse diet even showing better nutritive value than CCH and EG.

SILVA, Lucas de Almeida. Effect of Zearalenone on the reproductive tract of Nellore heifers.. 2020. 18p Master Thesis (Master of Science in Animal Science, Animal Production). Instituto de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2020. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of eating a diet contaminated with Zearalenone (ZEA) on the morphometry of the reproductive system and plasma estrogen concentration in heifers. Twenty non-pregnant, healthy Nellore heifers (Bos taurus indicus), aged ≥18 months, average initial body weight (BW) around 350kg were used, receiving a diet composed of 70% roughage and 30% concentrate, with based on dry matter (DM) in confinement. Two treatments were evaluated: 1) control (without contamination), and 2) diet contaminated with ± 300 ppb of ZEA. The contamination was carried out daily via addition and mixing to the concentrate and then to the roughage in the trough. The experiment had a total duration of 88 days, with 13 days of adaptation period. Every week, all females were evaluated by rectal palpation and ultrasound examination. The evaluation of the uterus was performed by measuring the diameter of the right and left horn, after cross sectioning immediately after the uterine bifurcation. Two measurements of the largest diameters of each horn cut were made and the average was calculated. The right and left ovaries were also evaluated according to their diameter, from the average of the two largest ovarian diameters, the diameters of antral follicles and corpus luteum were also checked. The size of the vulva was measured using a caliper, according to the final third up to the glabrous ends. Five mL of blood from the coccygeal vein were collected weekly in heparinized tubes for estrogen measurement (E2). E2 concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). A completely randomized design was adopted, with effect of time. Each animal was considered an experimental unit (10 per treatment, n = 20). Analysis of variance (p <0.05) was performed using the “R” software. The effect of time was evaluated using regression models, considering the polynomial of the highest significant degree. The measurement of the vulvas was not influenced by the treatments (p = 0.0985), as well as the diameter of the uterine horns (p = 0.0522). The average diameter of the ovaries (p = 0.6955), follicles (p = 0.6355) and corpus luteum (p = 0.3808) were also not influenced by the intake of ZEA. The dosage of estrogen was also not influenced by the treatments (p = 0.3379). No follicular cysts, lutein cysts, vaginal discharge or abnormal estrous behavior were observed during weekly evaluations or daily management. The results of the present study indicate that the contamination with 300ppb of ZEA in the diet of Nellore heifers did not influence the morphometric parameters of the reproductive system evaluated, nor the plasma estrogen dosage.

With regard to aquaculture, ornamental fish farming has grown exponentially
in recent years in Brazil. Among the species created, the betta, Betta splendens has great commercial importance, being easily kept in small containers, with males showing marked development of the fins, attributing a singular beauty to the species, adding greater value than compared to females. The present experiment aimed to evaluate the influence of the temperature factor during Betta splendens larviculture, and its possible effects on mortality and proportion of males and escaped. The objective was to achieve a higher ratio of males, since they are of greater commercial interest in front of the species. For this purpose, 20 adult adults were used to reproduce and display the larvae used in the experiment. Later, as newly
hatched larvae were distributed in groups of 30 animals, in beakers represented as experimental units (n = 40). These were distributed in different thermal regimes (25, 28, 30 and 33ºC), following a completely randomized design (4x10). The heat treatment was maintained until 15 DPE (days after hatching), at which time the temperature of 28ºC was restored. At the end of the thermal regime, mortality was counted and then again at 45 DPE, aiming to assess the direct and residual effect of the different tested facilities. It had a significant effect on the temperature function only at 15 DPE (P <0.001) where, as defined at 25, 28 and 30ºC, the values were lower. For the sex ratio, there was a marked difference, being those indicated at 28, 30 and 33ºC more suitable for obtaining a higher ratio of males compared to the temperature of 25ºC, which presented the worst results obtained.

QUARESMA, Débora Vaccari. Addition of xylanase and essential oil to cutting meat diets. 2020. Thesis (PhD in Animal Science, Animal Production). Animal Science Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2020.

 The study aimed to study the use of xylanase and essential oils composed of thymol and carvacrol in broiler diets to evaluate digestibility, performance, weight gain, feed conversion, feed intake, mucin, intestinal microbiota and intestinal integrity. In experiment 1 it was performed in the animal metabolism laboratory, in metabolic cages, evaluating 2 levels of energetic reduction in diets with or without xylanase and essential oils distributed in 7 treatments and 7 repetitions, from 1 to 21 days of age. In experiment 2 it was carried out in the animal metabolism laboratory, with an energy reduction of 250 kcal / kg of feed including xylanase and essential oils with 6 treatments and 8 repetitions, from 1 to 28 days of age. Experiment 3 was also used energy reduction as in Experiment 2, with 6 treatments and 6 repetitions, carried out in the poultry sector to evaluate the use of xylanase and essential oils in all rearing periods, from 1 to 42 days of age.

GUERSON, Yuri Barbosa. Effect of reactivity on the vascular perfusion of the follicle and corpus luteum and on the fertility of Nellores cows submitted to TAI. 2020. 80p. Thesis (Doctorate in Animal Science). Instituto de Zootecnia, Departamento de Reprodução e Avaliação Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 2020. The present study was divided into two chapters, the first aimed to evaluate the effect of temperament on the vascular perfusion of the preovulatory follicle (POF) and the corpus luteum (CL) as well as on progesterone (P4) production and conception rate of Nellores cows submitted to TAI. In the second chapter, the objective was to study the relationship between the diameter of the POF and CL with the quantity and intensity of blood flow, P4 production and the fertility of Nellores cows submitted to TAI. In the first experiment, 201 females were subjected to synchronization of ovulation and, at the time of AI, reactivity assessments were performed using the chute score and exit speed. According to the individual scores, the animals were divided into two groups: adequate temperament (ADQ) and excitable (EXC). Blood samples were also collected to measure serum cortisol and P4. Color Doppler ultrasound evaluations were performed to determine the diameter, volume and vascularization of POF and CL at the time of AI (D0) and seven days (D7) later, respectively. The synchronization, ovulation and conception rates were compared between the ADQ and EXC groups. The variables number of POF pixels at the time of AI (p = 0.01), pixel intensity on the follicle wall (p = 0.01), diameter (p = 0.02) and volume (p = 0.01) of the POF at the time of AI were all lower for the group of females in the EXC group. The number and intensity of the pixels of the CL showed no difference between the groups, while the diameter and volume were also lower (p = 0.01) for the EXC group. There was no difference between groups for synchronization, ovulation and conception rates as well as for P4 concentration at D7. It can be concluded that Nellores females of excitable temperament have less follicular blood flow and reduction in the size of the follicle and corpus luteum without, however, compromising fertility. In the second chapter, the diameter and volume of the POF (D0) and CL (D7) of 201 cows subjected to TAI were determined, as well as the amount and intensity of colored pixels present in them. In addition, blood samples were also collected at D7 for P4 measurement. For data analysis, the females were divided into nonpregnant and pregnant and also according to the diameter of the POF: females of small follicle, with diameter <11mm (SF; n = 35); females of medium follicle, with diameter between 11 and 14mm (MF; n = 84) and females of large follicle, with diameter ≥ 14mm (LF; n = 70). The ultrasound variables of POF and CL, as well as the P4 concentration were compared between the groups SF, MF and LF and between nonpregnant and pregnant cows. Differences were found between the SF, MF and LF groups for the diameter and volume of the POF and CL, demonstrating that larger follicles also originate larger luteal bodies. The LF group showed a higher amount and intensity of pixels in the POF compared to the SF. The flow intensity in the CL and the P4 concentration were also higher in the LF. The SF group had lower flow intensity and ovulation rate compared to the others, although the conception rate was similar for all. Weak correlations were found between the size of the POF and the CL as well as between the diameter and volume of the CL with its pixel count and P4 concentration. In addition to a moderate correlation between the diameter and its pixel intensity. There was no difference between nonpregnant and pregnant cows for all variables analyzed. The results confirm the presence of relationships between the size of the ovarian structures and the quantity and intensity of their flow, as well as their ability to produce progesterone. The intensity of the POF pixels was shown to be relevant, showing correlations with the size and flow of the CL, which were not found by evaluating only the pixel quantity, revealing the importance of evaluating complementary flow characteristics.

SANTOS, Dayane Aparecida. Application of activity-based costing by and management by processes in milk production in a compost barn system. 2020. 98p. Thesis (PhD degree in Animal Science) Institute of Animal Science. Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro; Seropédica, RJ, Brazil, 2020. The milk production chain has been undergoing continuous changes and this fact forces farmers to produce more and more, with higher quality and lower cost. In this context, an intensive production system called compost barn has been implemented in several countries around the world, and also in Brazil. However, the implementation and adaptation of any business model requires reliable information about its efficiency. Thus, process management emerges as a model that enables continuous improvement and, in addition, serves as a basis for the implementation of activity-based costing. The main objective of this case study was to demonstrate the cost of activities and its impact on the profitability of a milk production system based on the compost barn model. The specific objectives consisted of (1) mapping the productive processes developed on the property, as well as determining the critical points of the processes; (2) present and discuss the theory and practice of implementing activity-basedcosting; (3) to propose improvements in management in order to improve the economic performance of milk production systems using compost barn. After mapping the processes, identifying the activities and surveying the costs (separated by categories), the resources consumed in carrying out the activities were identified. Then, the resource drivers and their allocation to activities were defined. Subsequently, the economic data of the property were obtained, which were used to calculate the cost values, adapting the methodology proposed by Bornia (2002).Finally, economic efficiency indicators (gross margin, net margin, profitability and simple profitability) were calculated, adopting the operating cost structure proposed by Matsunaga et al. (1976), described by Lopes and Carvalho (2002). In 2016, the gross margin and the net margin were positive, being, respectively, equal to R$ 178362.61 and R$ 95272.49. Different situation from the following years (2017, 2018 and 2019), when it started to use the compost barn model, with negative gross margin and net margin, that is, the revenues were not enough to cover the actual expenses of the dairy activity, making them unfeasible. The unit cost to raise acalfwas R$ 1,973.60, of which 62% were direct costs, 30% prorated and 8% tracking. The unit cost for heifer rearing was R$ 2,572.38,70 of which was direct, 23% was apportioned and 7% was tracked. The cost per liter of milk produced was R$ 1.56. The study shows that just increasing the scale of production in order to obtain better results is not the best strategy for agricultural businesses, since the variable costs will be very high and the property will suffer losses. The strategy is to increase the efficiency of processes, using process management methodologies and activity-basedcosting in the management of milk production businesses. However, it is not possible to generalize these conclusions, specific to this study, to other dairy farms, adaptations are necessary according to the reality of each farm.

FERREIRA, Robson Leandro. Economic and financial evaluation of a beef cattle breeding system in a traditional dairy region in Minas Gerais. 2019. 46p. Dissertation (Master degree in Animal Science). Instituto de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2019.

The maximization of economic gains in any agribusiness activity requires improvement of the productive efficiency along its development in function of its specific places of establishment, market and risks, it is necessary the economic evaluation of the same during its life time so that it becomes possible to project your financial economic future. In this context, the aime of this work was to calculate the production indexes and the production costs of a case study in the cow-calf system of the Canchim breed (Criatório Canchim Barro Branco), located in Mercês - MG (traditional region in the dairy production), as well as carrying out an investment analysis from January 2012 to December 2017, and the projection of expected results for the next 6 years (2018 to 2023). Thus, electronic spreadsheets were elaborated to record all entry (income) and outlays (expenses) for the cash flow estimation and subsequent cost analysis, determination of economic efficiency indicators (gross margin, net margin, net result, profit and simple profitability and investment analysis (economic and financial viability) of each of the horizons (current and projected), using the economic indicators of profitability: net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback. The most representative items in the total cost were contracted labor (28.9%), opportunity cost of capital (17.4%) and depreciation (17.3%). The increase in the number and price of UA determines the fluctuations of labor costs and depreciation per UA that contributed to the increase of the economic efficiency of the system. The indicators of economic efficiency: net result, profit and profitability were negative in the first three years (2012, 2013 and 2014) and positive in the following three years (2015, 2016 and 2017). In both the current and the project horizons (2018 to 2023), the production system was economically viable when submitted to a discount rate of until 8% per year, with NPV of R$ 102,728.25 and R$ 33,969.83 and IRR of 9.50 and 8.41%; respectively. The categories that caused greater sensitivity in the NPV of the current horizon were the investment in land area, the purchase price of matrices and the contracted labor force, while for the projected horizon were the investment in land area, the purchase price of matrices and the sale price of young bulls. The financial risk for the period from 2012 to 2017 was 14.1, 79.6, 99.4 and 100.0% for discount rates of 4, 6, 8 and 10%, respectively. While in the horizon from 2018 to 2023 it was 7.4, 53.7, 93.7 and 99.8% for the discount rates of 4, 6, 8 and 10%, respectively. Considering discount rates of up to 8%, the breeding activity of beef cattle in a dairy region is economically viable.

Heluy, Guilherme Melgaço. Oregano essential oil (Origanum vulgare) as a dietary additive for juveniles of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus grown in salinized water. 2019. 42p. Dissertation (Master in Animal Science). Instituto de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2019. 

Phytogenic additives are plant derived products that are added in the diets of animals for improving their productive performance. Among them, oregano essential oil (Origanum vulgare) stands out as being a natural and safe compound, both for animals and humans, as well as for the environment, having the potential to be used as a growth promoter, improving food efficiency. The subject of this study was to evaluate the effects of Oregano essential oil on zootechnical performance, blood glycemia, body composition and intestinal morphometry of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in salinized water. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments and four replicates, where a diet containing different concentrations of oregano essential oil (0.0; 0.75; 1.5; 2.25; 3.0 g kg^-1). The fish (1.47 ± 0.39 g) were distributed into twenty tanks containing 60 liters of saline water at 10 g L^-1 at the density of 0.5 fish L^-1 and fed to apparent satiety four times day during 64 days. There was a significant effect (P <0.05) on the inclusion of 0.75 g kg^-1 of oregano essential oil in the diet for the parameters of zootechnical performance gain weight, apparent feed conversion rate, feed efficiency ratio, feed rate protein efficiency and condition factor. For centesimal composition, there was no significant result for the analyzes performed. There was also a significant effect on the villus length, which was higher than the level of reading of essential level of oregano in the diet, being the level of 3.0 g kg^-1 which presented the most expressive results for this parameter, and no significant effect was observed (P> 0.05) for the other analyzes. Thus, it can be concluded that the addition of essential oil of oregano in diets for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), up to the level of 0.75g Kg^-1, grown in saline water, acts as growth promoter and stimulator of intestinal villi growth.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the productive behavior and chemical-bromatological composition of Tithonia diversifolia managed at different residue heights. The experiment was conducted at the Animal Science Institute of UFRRJ, in Seropédica-RJ, from 07/07/2018 to 04/18/2019. Preliminary preparation of the experimental area with limestone distribution, plowing and harrowing 60 days before planting, in addition to fertilization, at the time of planting and 60 days after. The planting was done with cuttings 30cm long, two thirds in the ground and one third outside, in experimental areas arranged in 3 completely randomized blocks. The blocks were divided in eight plots of 3.0 x 3.5 m, totaling 112 m² per block, where four treatments were allocated (residue heights), 20, 40, 60 and 80 cm. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks in a subdivided plot scheme with two replicates per block. The evaluations were carried out every 57 days, where the heights of the plants were measured in each plot, in a central area of 4 m², with subsequent collection of the green mass. The collected mass was directed to the laboratory where it was determined the yield of green and dry mass, growth rate, morphological composition, leaf:stem relation, DM, CP, MM, EE, GE, NDF, NDFap, ADF, ADIP, NDIP , fractionation of carbohydrates and proteins, TDN, DE, MEP and NEL. The data were submitted to analysis of homogeneity, normality, ANOVA and Tukey's test at 5% of significance, using the statistical software R. There was treatment effect and month for H and TC (p <0.05) and month for LSR (p <0.05). Higher values of H were observed for the highest residue heights, but the GR values were higher for the treatments of smaller height, resulting from greater stem elongation. YGM, YDM, AGM and ADM were not influenced by the treatment (p> 0.05), only for month (p <0.05). It was verified that the highest values were the result of the months of greatest rainfall and temperature. There was treatment effect (p <0.05) for CP, NDF and ADF, and month effect (p <0.05) for DM, CP, MM, EE, NDF, ADF and LIG. The lowest values of DM were observed in the months of lower rainfall, probably due to the lower tugor in the plant cells. CP was higher for treatments with higher residue height, probably due to the greater amount of leaf in the composition of the analyzed material and for the months with lower cell wall content, mainly LIG. The content of MM is in agreement with those reported in the literature, as the family Asteraceae possesses the ability to accumulate inorganic salts in its leaves. EE was similar in all treatments, being a stable component. However, the possible variations were due to the climatic conditions, and the response of T. diversifolia with a higher amount of lipids was for protection. The contents of NDF and ADF showed the same behavior, observing lower levels in treatments with higher residue height, RFH that was higher in these treatments. The increase in the number of NDF, ADF and LIG between the months may be due to possible lignified stems near the cutoff region of each treatment. Under the conditions studied, the treatment of 20 cm showed to be the best management of height of residue, due to the nutritional and productivity values, in addition to the greater use of the field material.

The experiment was carried out in the swine sector of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, with the objective of investigating the effects of supplementation of the enzyme xylanase individually or in combination with probiotic or symbiotic in the diet of pigs with reduction of the level of metabolizable energy . The variables studied were daily dietary intake (CRD), daily weight gain (GPD), feed conversion (CA), bone parameters, intestinal morphometry, intestinal microbiota composition and economic viability of experimental diets. Seventy 75 male and female piglets were used, with a mean initial weight of 25,024 ± 3,21 kg. The experimental design was a randomized block design, containing five treatments, five blocks totaling 25 experimental units composed of three pigs (two males and one female), with the following treatments: T1 = Reference diet; T2 = Basal diet with reduction of 100 kcal / kg of metabolizable energy; T3 = T2 + xylanase (100g / ton); T4 = T3 + probiotic (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus Licheniformis) and T5 = T3 + symbiotic (Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus Licheniformis and Mananoligosaccharide). It was observed that the animals that received the T4 diet presented lower CRD (P <0.05) in the first experimental period (0-22 days) in comparison to those that received the T2 diet. In the second experimental period (22-30 days) there was no significant difference (P> 0.05) between treatments for any of the performance variables. In the total period (0-30 days) it was observed that T2 resulted in worsening of feed conversion in relation to T4, and no significant differences were observed between these treatments and the others. The treatments did not influence (P> 0.05) the physical and chemical characteristics of the 3rd metacarpal bone. The T5 diet resulted in a higher ratio of villus height: crypt depths in the jejunum compared to T2. In relation to the microbial diversity of the cecal content, the relative abundance (% of OTUs) for the Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria phylae independent of the treatment were observed at phylum level.  While at the family level the greatest abundance was for  Lactobacillaceae, Steptococcaceae and Clostrideacea. The treatments did not significantly influence (P> 0.05) the total cost, net revenue and cost of feed per kilogram of pig produced. The T4 diet was the one that showed the best index of economic efficiency and better index of cost.

The present study aimed to correlate the age and weight of Girolando heifers with uterine and ovarian development. To this end, 60 heifers from the dairy cattle facility belongs to Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro were selected, free from any type of condition in the congenital or acquired reproductive tract. From 12 months of age up to first ovulation, these animals were weighed monthly in electronic scales and, at the same time, they were evaluated with the aid of the ultrasound device where the diameters of each uterine horn and ovaries were measured. The animals were divided into groups according to their age in each month, distributed in GI (12 to 14 months), GII (15 to 18 months), GIII (19 to 24 months), GIV (25 to 30 months) and GV (31 to 36 months). The scatter plot was used to assess the correlation between monthly data collected from uterus / ovary and weight / age. A mean daily growth of 0.0032mm for the right ovary (OD) and 0.0051mm for the left ovary (OE) was observed, as well as mean OD size 17.58mm and OE 15.28mm OD, OD 16.72mm and OE 15.89mm in GII, OD 18.37mm and OE 16.55mm in GIII, OD 19.09mm and OE 17.49mm in GIV and OD 19.89 mm and OE 18.96mm in the GV. The uterine horns had an average daily growth of 0.0064mm and 0.0071mm for the right (UD) and left (UD) horns, respectively. Mean size per group of UD 11, 46mm and EU 11.48mm, UD 12.41mm and EU 12.63mm, UD 13.16mm and EU 13.19 mm, UD 14.30mm and EU 14.58mm and UD 16.12 and EU 16.68mm, for the GI, GII, GIII, GIV and GV groups, respectively. The heifers presented a mean daily weight gain of 0.224kg and the GI, GII, GIII, GIV and GV groups had a mean weight of 220.5kg, 239.3kg, 287.6kg, 332.9kg and 380, 1kg, respectively. Heifers had a mean age of 29,67 months, with a weight of 354,20kg, age at first service of 33.5 months, pregnancy rate of 64,70% and first birth on average at 42.8 months. We conclude that the ponderal development is correlated with the growth of the ovary and uterine horns, and that they correlate positively with each other with the advance of the age of the animal.

Brazil is one of the main beef producing countries, presenting the largest commercial herd. However, their productivity indices are still low in comparison with other countries, so to meet the expectations of the population's demand for meat products, practices that improve performance as the use of nutritional additives become indispensable for the development of a beef cattle breeding with shorter production cycle. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the performance, carcass characteristics and beef quality of steers, with the use of the different additives (Flavomycin, Salinomycin, Virginiamycin) in their supplementation. Twenty-four uncastrated Nellore steers with mean body weight (CP) of 303 kg were used. During the rearing phase, protein / energy supplement provided in the amount of 3 g / kg live weight / animal was used in the four treatments as proposed below: T1 - Control treatment (supplementation without addition of additive); T2 - Supplementation + Flavinomycin (40 mg / animal / day); T3 - Supplementation + Virginiamycin (45mg / 100kg PV) and T4 - Supplementation + Salinomycin (120mg / animal / day). Twelve pickets with Massai grass (three per treatment) were used in a continuous stocking system with a duration of 92 days. After reaching 355 kg of CP, the animals entered the termination phase, when they were allocated in individual stalls receiving the additives from the previous stage and using as volumine the sugarcane silage in a proportion of voluminous: concentrated 30:70, the same remained in confinement for 90 days. The animals were evaluated every 28 days in relation to their performance and dry matter intake. The project was sent and approved by the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro under protocol number 23083.010360 / 2016-18. The animals were slaughtered in a commercial slaughterhouse after reaching the average weight of 510 kg. Carcass yield and daily carcass gain were then measured. The carcasses were transferred to a cold camera at a temperature of 1 ° C and remained for 24 hours. Afterwards, the Longissimus lumborum muscle was removed to measure the qualitative parameters of the meat: pH, temperature, color, weight loss by cooking, shear force and centesimal composition. A completely randomized design was used, with four treatments and three replications in the rearing phase, each animal pair per picket was considered an experimental unit, at the end the animals were individually confined and each animal was considered an experimental unit, totaling six replicates per animal. treatment. Analysis of variance was applied, and the significance test was applied, using the Tukey test (P <0.05). Data analyzes were performed using statistical software R. The use of flavomycin, virginiamycin or salinomycin for Nellore cattle resulted in similar growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality. No evidence of benefits to the rearing and finishing animals was observed to support the use of the additives at the doses used.

Conserving the surplus of forage produced in the rainy season is a viable alternative to supply the dry food shortage in the dry season. However, the low dry matter content, the low proportion of soluble carbohydrates and the high buffering power at the ideal cutting stage impairs the fermentation activity, resulting in low quality silages. Thus, the use of technologies that aim to minimize the effects of these variables on the fermentation profile of silage is an alternative for the use of forages with high productive capacity. Therefore, the general objective of this study was to evaluate the benefits obtained through the inclusion of pelleted citrus pulp associated or not to the microbial inoculant in the Massai grass ensilage, aiming to contribute to the knowledge of the processes of ensiling of tropical grasses, as well as the maintenance of the conditions of storage of said silages. A completely randomized design was used in a 2 X 4 factorial scheme (0, 10, 20 and 30% of natural matter), with five replications/treatment. The material was packed in PVC silos for 90 days. After this period, weighings were performed to determine dry matter recovery and losses. After opening the silos, samples were collected for further analysis of ammoniacal nitrogen and pH and the chemical-bromatological composition. The inclusion levels of the citrus pulp increased the DM content by 29.01%, reduced the PG (0.024 to 0.021%) and the effluent production was equal to 0. The pH and N-ammoniacal values remained within the range considered ideal for good quality silage. In addition, a linear decreasing effect of pulp addition was observed on the levels of the AFD, FDN, cellulose and hemicellulose, but with a small increase in lignin contents. Contrary behavior was observed for FNC and TC, which presented increments of 0.33 and 0.01, respectively. For CP contents the citrus pulp provided increases of 0.03 percentage unit for each 1% inclusion of this additive. Regarding the NDPI contents, a quadratic behavior was observed for presence and absence of the microbial inoculant, with a minimum point of 15.88% and a maximum of 31.34% inclusion of citrus pulp. For the ADIP values the inclusion of citrus pulp provided a linear increasing effect with increases of 0.09 percentage unit for each 1% inclusion of this additive, ranging from 11.36 to 14.02%. The values of the carbohydrate fractions (A + B1, B2 and C), the CP content and the nitrogen fractions B1 + B2 and C were influenced by the increasing levels of pelleted citrus pulp, which was not observed in the other fractions A and B3 of the silages. The fractions A + B1 and C increased according to the inclusion levels of the citrus pulp, while the contents of fraction B2 were reduced. It was also observed an increase in the indigestible protein fraction (C). Carbohydrate fractions ranged from 31.48 to 41.40%; 54.93 to 41.31% and 13.20 to 16.05% for A + B1, B2 and C, respectively. While the protein fractions varied from 29.81 to 22.13% and 10.83 and 15.11%, for B1 + B2 and C. The inclusions of 10 to 20% of pelleted citrus pulp, based on the natural matter of the grass, are sufficient to improve the fermentation parameters and carbohydrate and protein profiles of the silages.

Meat is a highly perishable product and consumers adopt tenderness as the most important parameter. In this sense, APH has been an option to increase meat tenderness as this technology physically disrupts muscle structure and provides meat tenderness. The objective of this research was to use APH in beef from different genetic groups aiming at the promotion of tenderization without causing alteration in the visual aspect. Forty-seven bovine longissimus dorsi muscle samples from the Caracu, Angus x Caracu and Nelore genetic groups submitted to two different pressure levels (100 MPa and 200 MPa) were compared to the non-pressurized meat samples. The following characteristics were evaluated: final pH of chilled meat, PPD, PPP, PPC, FC, CS, water activity, L *, a *, b *, AOL and EGC. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 3x3 factorial scheme, with three genetic groups (CA, CG and NE) and three treatments (in natura, pressurization at 100 MPa and 200 MPa). In non-pressurized samples, a significant difference (p> 0.05) was observed for AOL, where CG was statistically higher than NE, but both were equal to CA. When the pressurized meat samples at 100 and 200 MPa were compared with the non-pressurized meat samples (regardless of genetic grouping), a difference was observed for HR and b *, where for CF the treatment at 200 MPa presented lower values than those found in NP samples, and for b * NP samples presented higher values than those pressurized at 100 MPa. Interaction (p <0.01) was observed between the factors (genetic grouping and pressurization) for the parameters PPC, L *, a * and b *. It was concluded that HR and b * may have been affected by APH. From the results of PPD, PPP, NMR, FC, CS, AFM and electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) it is suggested that APH does not affect the microscopic structures of myofibrils, however, it can be observed in AFM images and HR results that macroscopic structures of meat fiber were possibly affected.

BEDESCHI, Gabriela Bedeschi. Agronomic Characteristics, Chemical Forage Composition And Silage Quality Of Elephant Grass PCEA, At Different Age Of Regrowth. 2018. 47p Dissertação (Mestrado em Zootecnia). Instituto de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2018.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the age of cutting of new seed propagated elephant grass cultivar, PCEA, on the production of biomass for ensiling, and on the fermentation profile and nutritive value of silage. The experiment was carried out at Embrapa Cattle of Milk under a randomized block design, with four treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted in the evaluation of grass managed at four cutting ages (75, 90, 105 and 120 days of regrowth). The height of the grass and its morphological composition were evaluated, as well as biomass, dry matter (DM) and forage matter. The chemical compositions of forage and silage were evaluated for DM, crude protein (CP), ethereal extract (EE), mineral matter (MM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (FDA), lignin (LIG), fraction C of PB (PBC), besides the fractionation of carbohydrates. The profile of long chain fatty acids was also evaluated in the forage, while in the silage the pH and the ammoniacal nitrogen content (N-NH3) were evaluated in addition to the fermentative losses. There was no effect of cutting age on forage biomass production based on natural matter. For grass height and yields of DM and dead matter in forage there was an increasing linear increase. Positive linear effect of cut age was observed on DM, NDF, ADF, LIG and PBC levels in forage, while CP and MM levels had a linear negative effect. There was no effect on forage EE content. The carbohydrate fractionation of the forage presented a significant effect for all fractions, being linear positive for total carbohydrates (CT), fraction B2 and fraction C, and linear negative for non-fibrous carbohydrates (CNF). No effect of grass cutting age was observed on the levels of lauric and myristic acids in forage DM, whereas there was a negative linear effect on the contents of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and α-linolenic acids. In the silage there was no significant difference for the contents of MM, NDF and FDA. PB content presented linear negative behavior, while there was a linear effect increasing on the contents of LIG and PBC. There was no effect of the cutting age of the grass on the CNF content in the silage. However, the CT and the C fraction presented a positive linear response, while the B2 fraction presented a quadratic response. The pH and N-NH3 presented a quadratic response. PG (gas loss) and RMS (dry matter recovery) had a linear negative response. It was concluded that, the increase in cutting age of the PCEA grass results reduction of nutritive value, as well as the fatty acids contents. The best results for silage were obtained for the forage harvested at 90 days of regrowth age.
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ABSTRACT
VALOTE, Priscila Dornelas. Forage accumulation and pasture structure of BRS Zuri and BRS Kenya grasses (Megathyrsus maximus) under rotational management. 2018. 39p. Dissertation (Master in Animal Zootechny, Forage and Pasture). Instituto de Zootecnia, Department of Animal Nutrition and Pasture, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2018.
Considering the recent release of the cultivars Megathyrsus maximus (Syn. Panicum maximum), BRS Zuri and BRS Quênia, and the need to know the effects of the management strategies of their pastures on the responses of plants and animals, this project was elaborated with the objective of evaluating these cultivars when subjected to rotational grazing by dairy cows during the rainy season, under the hypothesis that there is a difference in pasture structure and forage accumulation of these cultivars when managed under the same pre-grazing conditions (95 ± 2 % of LI) and post-grazing (50% of pasture height in pre-grazing). The experiment was conducted in an area belonging to the Embrapa Cattle of Milk, in Coronel Pacheco, under a randomized complete block design, with two treatments (cultivars BRS Zuri and BRS Quênia) and three replications, from November 2016 to August 2017 and November 2017 to April 2018. The height of the canopy was evaluated, the forage mass (FM) and its morphological composition (percentages of leaf blades (LB), stalks (S) and dead material (DM) in FM), the volumetric density of the forage (VFD), besides the accumulation and rate of accumulation for both treatments. Higher pre-grazing heights were observed for BRS Zuri compared to BRS Quênia in 2016/2017 (90,9A ± 1,7cm versus 81,7B ± 1,7cm) and in 2017/2018 (85,8A ± 0,9cm versus 78,1B ± 0,9cm). In 2016/2017 higher FM and VFD were observed for BRS Zuri than for BRS Quênia (7.036A ± 227kg.ha-1 and 38,8A ± 0.9kg.ha-1.cm-1 DM versus 6.419B ± 226kg , and in 2017/2018 mean values of 4.540 ± 142kg.ha-1 and 52,2 ± 16kg.ha-1.cm-1 of DM for both cultivars. Higher DMLB values in 2016/2017 (3.361A ± 86 kg.ha-1 of DM versus 3.132B ± 85kg.ha-1 of DM) and 2017/2018 (2.785A ± 71kg.ha-1 of DM versus 2.481B ± 70kg.ha-1 of MS) were obtained for BRS Zuri in relation to BRS Quênia. The highest PDT in 2016/2017 (473A ± 12tillers.m-2 versus 277 ± 12tillers.m-2) and in 2017/2018 (417A ± 10tillers.m-2 versus 225B ± 10tillers.m-2) occurred for BRS Quênia than for BRS Zuri. Forage accumulation did not vary among cultivars in 2016/2017 (mean of 3.418 ± 202kg.ha-1 of DM) and, in 2017/2018, the highest value was obtained for BRS Zuri (2.272A ± 67kg.ha-1 DM) compared to BRS Quênia (1.938B ± 64kg.ha-1 of DM). In 2016/2017 there was an average forage accumulation rate of 164 ± 9kg.ha-1.dia-1 of DM for both cultivars and, in 2017/2018, the highest forage accumulation rate was obtained to cultivate BRS Zuri (129A ± 4kg.ha-1.dia-1 of DM) in relation to BRS Quênia (110B ± 4kg.ha-1.dia-1 of DM). Both cultivars of M. maximus have potential for use in intensive pasture systems for milk production, with a higher indication for BRS Zuri during the summer and for BRS Quênia, especially during the autumn.

SILVA FILHO, Carlos Alberto. Evaluation of the use of 1% of urea in the diet of young male goats 2018. _p. Dissertation (Master in Animal Science). Instituto de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2018.
Brazil has an increasing demand for products of goat origin, however, national goat breeding does not supply the domestic market. Techniques to reduce feed costs should be used to increase the viability of goat production. Therefore, sources of non-protein nitrogen (NNP), such as urea, may be a viable option in the diet composition of small ruminants. Urea is widely used in ruminant production, but its impacts on development and meat products are poorly studied in goats. In this context, an assessment of its use can meet this demand for knowledge. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of urea inclusion on the diet of goats on weight gain, development, carcass yield and diet cost. For this, 18 kids were divided into 2 groups with isoprotein diets. The control group did not receive urea and the experimental group received 1% MS in the diet. The experimental period was 123 days. The average weight gain (g / day), body and testicular biometrics, as well as weight and carcass yield in the animals were evaluated. There were no significant differences in the studied variables related to weight gain, body biometry and carcass. It is concluded that the use of 1% of urea in the diet of young male goats does not affect the development nor the carcass for weight and yield.

Marques, Sonia Maria de Brito. Addition of Kappaphycus alvarezii algae in broiler chicken diets. 2018. Dissertation (Master Science in Animal Science). Instituto de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2018.

An experiment was carried out in the animal metabolism laboratory of the DNAP of the Institute of Animal Science of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, with the objective of evaluating the performance of broilers of the Cobb line from 1 to 21 days of age, fed with diets containing levels of the seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii. The experimental design was the completely randomized, with 5 treatments, 6 replicates and 5 birds per replicate. The Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed, raw, dehydrated and ground were added to the broiler rations at the levels of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%. Feed intake, weight gain, conversion and viability were evaluated in the period from 1 to 21 days of age. For the evaluation of the metabolizable, the methodology of the total collection of feces was applied for the period of 5 days, the excreta and the experimental rations were submitted to analysis and with the result of this the coefficients of metabolizability of dry matter (CMMS), protein (CMPB), crude energy (CMEB), mineral matter retention coefficient (CRMM), phosphorus retention coefficient (CRP), metabolizable energy (AME) and corrected apparent metabolizable energy for nitrogen balance (AMEn). At 21 days of age, one bird per replicate was selected, according to the mean weight of the replicate, the birds were slaughtered and the proventriculus, gizzard, liver and small intestine were dissected for histopathological evaluation. The legs were also collected for evaluation of bone quality, for which the Seedor Index, the bone strength test and the determination of mineral matter were calculated. No effect of the addition of different levels of algae on performance, bone quality and mineral matter retention coefficients (CRMM), phosphorus retention coefficient (CRF) was observed. On the coefficients CMMS, CMN, CME observed a reduction in the indexes, in relation to the control, with the increase of the levels of addition of seaweed. Not allowing to establish a level of inclusion of seaweed.

 This work was developed together with the breeders of the State of Rio de Janeiro associated to the Brazilian Association of Mangalarga Marchador Horse Breeders through the application of a questionnaire made in the Google Drive application for the procedure of structured interviews and directed to the production segment of the agribusiness complex of the Mangalarga Marchador horse in the State of Rio de Janeiro. The objective of the research was to collect data on the breed production system in the State, defining the geographical distribution of the breed, the total population of horses of this breed distributed in the mesographic regions, the commercial and social importance and the productive profile of the agribusiness Mangalarga Marchador horse, using the methodology of georeferencing in the study of equine production. The results showed that the state of Rio de Janeiro has 1,573 associates, with 4,338 farms (suffixes) registered and the effective of 92,162 registered animals, corresponding to 15.43% of the national total of Mangalarga Marchador equine horses, of Rio de Janeiro in the second place in number of animals. Approximately 95.2% of all state farms have their own area, more than half with areas ranging from 100 to 500ha. The ownership is individual in 83.8% and the equine production is the main activity in 79.2% of the farms, whose main objective is to commercialize production (39%), followed by sport (32.7%) and leisure (18.6%). Most of the nurseries are owned by the owner (51.7%) and the contracted management occurs in 44.7% of the properties. The average age of the managers is 45 years and the educational level varying from 32% with University graduate, 28,8% with Complete High School and 15,3% with Complete Elementary School. The workforce that does not require specialization, whether manager, trainer, handler and general services, has a fixed contract in most of the properties, which have an average of five registered fixed employees. The majority of owners are 90% male, do not reside in the property and have other professional activity as a source of income. The average number of animals in the nurseries is 100 heads, with an average number of 53 females, preferably in an extensive production system. The pastures are of low quality, about 39,9% are formed by the genus Brachiaria. The Napier grass, var. Elefante is the most used in bulking supplementation, on a monthly average of 12,866kg, and the commercial concentrated feed purchased is used, on a monthly average of 2,800kg / day. The commercialization of the animals is preferably carried out on the farm (14.9 cab / year), followed by virtual auctions (5.13 cab / year), live auctions (4.28 cab / year), online auctions (1, 94 cab / year) and sales at events (0.74 cab / year). Face-to-face auctions and sales at events have a higher average sales value per animal. The sale of hedges (8.77 kg / year) and weaned foals (5.44 foals / year) contributed the highest volume of commercialization of the farms. The categories of donor and stallion mares represent the highest values of unit sales, with averages of R $ 90,124.00 and R $ 67,116.00, respectively. The average commercialization of animals per breed / year in the State of Rio de Janeiro is therefore approximately R $ 388,440.00.