Population growth demands that the agricultural sector produce ever-increasing amounts of food. This high demand results in greater use of fertilizers and pesticides to maintain and increase productivity in the field. Currently, more sustainable alternatives are emerging, such as the use of biofertilizers and biopesticides. However, these industries also generate effluents. Biological treatment using microalgae can be a solution for these wastewaters, reducing pollutants and allowing the reuse of waste as agricultural bio-inputs. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate, in the first chapter, the bioremediation of wastewater from the biopesticide and biofertilizer industry (ARBB) using a microalgae mix containing Chlorella sp., Spirogyra sp., and Nostoc sp., in addition to performing the physicochemical characterization of the resulting solutions and quantifying the presence of phytohormones and their influence on the germination of corn seeds (Zea mays L.). The concentrations of pollutants such as total nitrogen (TN), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Phosphorus (P) were quantified in the raw effluent and after microalgae cultivation. Three solutions were prepared for the germination test: S1 (ARBB + microalgae), without alteration in composition; S2, ARBB + microalgae solution concentrated by removing 50% of the liquid phase using ferric chloride; and S3, containing only the liquid phase removed from S2. The presence of phytohormones was evaluated in all three solutions. The germination test was carried out in a BOD chamber for 7 days, comparing the treatments containing solutions S1, S2, and S3, gibberellic acid, and the control (distilled water). The experimental design was completely randomized (CRD). In the second chapter, the objective was to produce biofertilizers based on microalgae cultivated in ARBB, their physicochemical characterization, and the application of the biomass in pots to evaluate the initial development of corn. The physicochemical characterization analyzed the same parameters as in Chapter 1. For nutrient concentration, the microalgae biomass was centrifuged. Two cultivations were carried out, both lasting 30 days. The treatments analyzed were: T1 (water – control), T2 (100% urea), T3 (80% urea and 20% biofertilizer), T4 (60% urea and 40% biofertilizer), and T5 (100% biofertilizer), in a completely randomized design (CRD). Good pollutant removal efficiency was observed after treatment with microalgae, mainly for total nitrogen (TN), nonitrogen (NA), and chemical oxygen demand (COD), with efficiencies above 98%. The hormones detected in the microalgae solutions were Gibberellin, Cytokinin, Auxin, and Abscisic acid, mainly in solutions S1 and S2. There was no interference from the analyzed treatments in the percentage and speed of germination. Gibberellic acid showed the best results for seedling height, with a significant difference compared to the other treatments. The treatments with microalgae showed statistically higher height values compared to the control. For fresh and dry weight of the aerial part of the seedlings, the highest results were obtained with gibberellic acid and solution S1, being equal to each other and differing statistically from the others. For root length, dry and fresh weight, there was no significant difference between the treatments. The presence of essential macronutrients for plants was observed in the biofertilizer produced with ARBB + microalgae, mainly N and P. In the two cultivations carried out, there was no statistical difference between the treatments for the morphological parameters analyzed, namely plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, and fresh and dry weight of the aerial part. Although no statistical difference was observed, it is noted that, in general, the lowest values of the morphological parameters were found in the control treatment. The study of the agronomic potential of bio-inputs produced with microalgae is relevant, considering their activity as a biostimulant and biofertilizer, and the potential for the disposal of agro-industrial waste.

The world faces recurring water crises, making the use of alternative water sources a fundamental strategy for water sustainability. Concomitantly, intense sand mining, especially in the Seropédica-Itaguaí-RJ region, has generated extensive lagoons in abandoned pits, creating reservoirs with significant volume that lack a use. Therefore, this study proposes an approach for sustainable agriculture and energy transition. The overall objective is to evaluate the potential use of groundwater exposed in sand pits (GSP) for irrigation and cultivation of a bioenergy species, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The study methodology is divided into two main stages. In the first, the physicochemical characterization of the GSP will be carried out, collected bimonthly in active and inactive pits. The samples will be analyzed to determine parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and the concentrations of macro and microelements, including heavy metals. Based on this data, the quality of the GSP (aquatic water) will be classified using indicators that consider its risks and potential for the soil and plant. The second stage consists of evaluating the viability of using GSP in the initial development of sunflower and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings, the latter being used as an indicator of phytotoxicity, through germination tests. Germination, Germination Speed Index, seedling morphometry, mass, and abnormal seedlings were evaluated using GSP from different pits and distilled water. The results demonstrated that, although the GSPs present hydrogeochemical restrictions mainly related to acidity and the presence of metals, these waters were able to sustain high germination performance and adequate initial seedling development. Thus, it is concluded that sand pit waters have potential for agricultural use, provided they are subjected to continuous hydrogeochemical monitoring and specific management.

Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) is one of the major weed species in agricultural systems, with widespread distribution and an increasing occurrence of biotypes resistant to EPSPS- and ACCase-inhibiting herbicides. In addition to compromising chemical weed management, herbicide resistance may be associated with changes in weed growth, adaptation, and competitive ability. The objective of this study was to characterize the resistance of E. indica biotypes to glyphosate, clethodim, and haloxyfop, as well as to evaluate potential fitness costs and the competitive ability of resistant biotypes. Experiments were conducted with the following specific objectives: Chapter I, to characterize the response of one susceptible and four resistant biotypes to glyphosate, clethodim, and haloxyfop; Chapter II, to compare the growth, development, and seed production of the biotypes under herbicide-free conditions; and Chapter III, to evaluate the competitive ability of soybean in relation to E. indica biotypes. The results confirmed resistance to glyphosate in three biotypes, to clethodim in four biotypes, and to haloxyfop in three biotypes, demonstrating cases of cross-resistance to ACCase inhibitors and multiple resistance to ACCase- and EPSPS-inhibiting herbicides (Chapter I). In the fitness cost assessment, resistant biotypes performed similarly to the susceptible biotype for most of the traits evaluated. Although specific differences were observed among some biotypes, no consistent evidence of fitness penalties associated with herbicide resistance was found (Chapter II). In the competition experiments, soybean exhibited greater competitive ability than all the biotypes evaluated. The crop showed a similar response in the presence of susceptible and resistant biotypes, with no consistent differences among them in their ability to compete with soybean. Intraspecific competition was more detrimental to the crop, whereas interspecific competition had a greater effect on the growth of E. indica biotypes (Chapter III).

Herbicide selectivity is essential for the effectiveness of chemical weed control; however, it depends on the interactions between the herbicide, the crop and the soil and climate conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of the most commonly used pre-emergent selective herbicides in soybean crops in two distinct cultivars. Two experiments were carried out in different locations: in a greenhouse and in the field. In the greenhouse, 5-L pots containing a sandy-clayey soil mixture were used. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 6 replicates. Two soybean cultivars were used: Brasmax Olimpo 80I82RSF IPRO and Brasmax Exata 64IX60RSF I2X. The treatments applied were: control (no application), Kyojin (120+ 80 g a.i.ha-1), Yamato (150 g a.i.ha-1), Spider (35.38 g a.i.ha-1), Stone (245+490 g a.i.ha-1), Boral (400 g a.i.ha-1), Flumyzin (50 g a.i.ha-1), Zethamaxx (120+60 g a.i.ha-1), Arkeiro (25+50+100 g a.i.ha-1) and Allus (300+80 g a.i.ha-1). In experiment II, in the field, the same herbicides were used and a randomized block design with 4 replications was adopted. In EI, visual analyses of phytotoxicity and transient chlorophyll a fluorescence were performed at 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after application (DAA). In addition to analyzing the activity of the enzyme Glutathione S-transferase when the plant reached the vegetative stage V2 and dry mass of aerial part at the end of the experiment. In experiment II, visual analyses of phytotoxicity and weed control were performed at 14, 21, 28 and 35 DAA. Under EI conditions, all herbicides were selective for both cultivars. Under EII conditions, all treatments were selective for the Olimpo cultivar, and for the Exata cultivar, the herbicides Stone, Boral and Arkeiro presented phytotoxicity considered unacceptable. It is concluded that the Olimpo cultivar, when compared to Exata, was more tolerant to herbicides. However, productivity analyses will be performed to corroborate the other data.

The capacity of soils to act as one of the largest C reservoirs depends on the balance between C inputs and outputs, and is directly related to changes in land use and agricultural management systems. This study aimed to evaluate soil carbon and nitrogen stocks, as well as the forms of C found in the soil (labile and stable) in different sustainable agricultural production systems and in an area under native Cerrado vegetation, in João Pinheiro (MG). The study was conducted on a farm located in the municipality of João Pinheiro, belonging to the Paracatu microregion, in the northwest of Minas Gerais. Three distinct soil management systems were evaluated, namely: productive pasture, crop-livestock integration, agroforestry system, and native forest. Monitoring of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in the soil was conducted following the guidelines of the Measurement, Reporting, and Verification Protocol. To quantify C and N contents, soil bulk density (SD), chemical analyses (Ca+2, Mg+2, Al+3 and pH in water), physical analyses (granulometry) and physical fractionation, trenches were dug and undisturbed and disturbed soil samples were collected. Soil samples were collected at the following depths: 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-60, 60-80 and 80-100 cm. The study was carried out using a completely randomized experimental design. The MN forest exhibited the lowest SD values at all depths analyzed, differing significantly from the managed systems. This condition reflects the natural state of the soil, characterized by high organic matter content, good porosity and absence of intensive management. The MN presented higher C stock values at all depths analyzed, except in the ILP, which was statically equal. The N stocks presented higher and statistically equal values in the PP and ILP management systems, and the lowest values were observed in the SAF at all evaluated depths. It was observed that the SAF and ILP presented the highest COP accumulation in the surface layer (0-5 cm), with a value of 1.8 Mg ha⁻¹. The MN presented a higher COAM contribution in relation to the management systems, presenting a higher value of 20.32 Mg ha-1 in the 0-5 cm layer. This result is important because it shows that the carbon in the soil is protected in organo-mineral complexes. The removal of MN for the implementation of PP preserves the C stocks in the soil only in the surface layer of the soil. On the other hand, ILP maintains the C levels in the soil at the same level as the MN, showing that it is an adequate management system for maintaining soil quality.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta – Euphorbiaceae) is a widely cultivated crop across the Southern Hemisphere, recognized for its socioeconomic and nutritional importance. Designated by the United Nations (UN) as the "food of the 21st century," it is notable for its high energy value, playing a crucial role in ensuring food security for vulnerable populations. Currently, Nigeria leads global cassava production, with Brazil ranking fifth. In the Brazilian context—where it is also known as aipim or macaxeira—cassava holds deep cultural and historical significance, having been cultivated by Indigenous peoples since pre-colonial times. This versatile and highly adaptable plant has a broad geographic distribution within Brazil and substantial economic importance, ranking among the country's leading agricultural products in terms of volume and yield. Its roots are mainly used for the production of flour and starch, as well as for fresh consumption and animal feed. In the state of Rio de Janeiro, the municipality of São Francisco de Itabapoana is the largest cassava producer and is closest to obtaining a Geographical Indication (“IG”) for cassava flour. In Brazilian legislation, GIs include Indication of Source (“IP”) and Designation of Origin (“DO”), which aim to protect notable products and services that have become well-known or possess specific qualities linked to their geographic origin. The National Institute of Industrial Property ("INPI") is responsible for the registration and recognition of GIs in Brazil, promoting the identification and valorization of regional products. The establishment of a Geographical Indication is a strategic collective tool enabling producers to promote their regional products while preserving the quality and reputation built over time. This study focuses on four cassava-producing microregions in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Its main objective is to conduct an edaphoclimatic analysis of these areas through the application of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), a statistical technique widely used in environmental and meteorological research. The goal is to identify clusters and similarities among municipalities that could technically justify the potential for obtaining a collective GI for cassava. Geoprocessing tools were used to interpolate all data on precipitation, temperature, elevation, and soil. These data were then tabulated and analyzed using the software PAST 4.03. PCA proved effective for the intended purpose, with the first principal component (PC1) accounting for over 70% of total data variance in the first two analyses, and the first three components combined explaining the same proportion in the third. The results revealed two groups of municipalities with similar edaphoclimatic characteristics: the first located in the microregions of Cachoeiras de Macacu and Rio de Janeiro (Duque de Caxias, Magé, Guapimirim, and Cachoeiras de Macacu), and the second in the Campos dos Goytacazes microregion (São Francisco de Itabapoana, Campos dos Goytacazes, and Quissamã).

Brazil has a high dependence on imported mineral fertilizers, which increases agricultural production costs and contributes to environmental impacts such as soil acidification and the eutrophication of water bodies. In this context, organomineral fertilizers, which combine mineral nutrients and organic matter, present a promising alternative. This study aimed to evaluate the use of microalgae from Lago Açu, an eutrophic water body located at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), in the formulation of organomineral fertilizers (OMF). The microalgae were cultivated using the Algal Turf Scrubber (ATS) system, collected weekly, dried, ground, and chemically and biologically characterized. The biomass was used in different proportions and combined with mineral sources of phosphorus and potassium to formulate the OMF, which were applied to pots containing two types of soil (Argisol and Planosol) cultivated with maize (Zea mays L.). The experiment was conducted for 45 days in a randomized block design, in a 2x7 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The dry mass of the aerial part of the plants and the effects of the treatments on the chemical properties of the soil were evaluated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test at 5% significance. The results showed that the application of microalgae-based OMF improved plant nutrition and soil fertility, demonstrating the potential of this biomass as a sustainable agricultural input.

A decade after the Paris Agreement (COP21, 2015), global efforts to limit the increase in the planet's average temperature to 1.5°C by 2030 have proven insufficient. More recent scientific projections indicate that this limit will most likely be exceeded this decade, and may be exceeded up to three years earlier than initially established. In this scenario, the Amazon biome assumes a central role in discussions on climate change and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation strategies. The Amazon acts as one of the largest carbon sinks on the planet, with an estimated annual sequestration of between 421 and 470 Tg of carbon (C), in addition to playing essential roles in climate regulation on a regional and global scale. Understanding the mechanisms that control the dynamics and stabilization of organic matter in Amazonian soils is therefore fundamental for both the conservation of ecosystem services and the development of effective strategies to mitigate GHG emissions. In this context, this study aimed to quantify carbon stocks (ECOS) in soil humic fractions (fulvic acid, humic acid, and humin) down to 30 and 100 cm depths, as well as to evaluate the influence of edaphic factors such as relief, drainage, and vegetation on the formation and stabilization of soil organic matter (SOM) in soils of the Urucu Province, Central Amazon. In 2018, trenches were dug and soil samples (disturbed and undisturbed) were collected from 10 representative profiles. The previously identified samples were packaged in plastic bags and sent to the Soil Organic Matter Dynamics Laboratory (LMOS), where they were prepared as air-dried fine earth (AFFI). To evaluate ECOS and carbon stabilization mechanisms, chemical fractionation of organic matter was performed, aiming at the separation of fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA) and humin (H) fractions, according to the methodology proposed by Benites et al. (2003). The quantification of organic carbon in the fractions was performed based on oxidation by potassium dichromate and titration with ammonium ferrous sulfate, according to Yeomans & Bremner (1988). Using the carbon contents obtained, ECOS were calculated at depths of 0–30 cm and 0–100 cm. ECOS at 30 cm ranged from 16.4 to 67.5 Mg ha⁻¹, while ECOS at 100 cm ranged from 51.5 to 214.2 Mg ha⁻¹. In the fulvic fraction, soils on dry land, well-drained and under dense forest presented stocks between 23.1 and 51.8 Mg ha⁻¹; in the humic fraction, between 8.4 and 33.1 Mg ha⁻¹; and in humin, between 24.1 and 68.0 Mg ha⁻¹. In profiles located in river plains, with impeded drainage and open forest vegetation, ECOS varied between 19.2 and 63.1 Mg ha⁻¹ (AF), 22.3 and 79.0 Mg ha⁻¹ (AH), and between 28.1 and 72.1 Mg ha⁻¹ (H). In soils located on terraces, with moderate to imperfect drainage and under open forest, stocks ranged from 16.0 to 46.7 Mg ha⁻¹ (AF), 7.7 to 54.3 Mg ha⁻¹ (AH), and 22.5 to 98.8 Mg ha⁻¹ (H). Only two profiles presented more than 50% of the total carbon stock in the top 30 cm, notably a Gleysol, which concentrated 64.7% of the organic carbon in this surface layer. The results indicate a strong influence of soil conditions and the environment on the vertical distribution and stability of carbon in the different humic fractions of the soil.

Dairy cattle farming generates large volumes of wastewater with high organic and nutrient loads, representing an environmental challenge when discharged without adequate treatment. Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands (VFCWs) are a sustainable alternative for treating these effluents but require optimization to maximize pollutant removal efficiency. This study evaluated the effect of different proportions of Lithothamnium calcareum (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) and the presence of vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) on the removal efficiency of organic matter, nutrients, and physical parameters in VFCWs treating dairy wastewater. The experiment followed a randomized block design with a 4×2 factorial arrangement, totaling eight treatments with two replicates and eight sampling dates over two months (n=128 observations per parameter). The influent wastewater showed average concentrations of 3,383.1 mg/L COD, 89.4 mg/L ammoniacal nitrogen, 56.6 mg/L nitrate, 4.6 mg/L nitrite, 353.3 mg/L phosphate, 26,075 PtCo color, and 1,337.4 NTU turbidity. The results demonstrated that Lithothamnium calcareum had a statistically significant effect on the removal of COD (p = 0.004), color (p = 0.009), and turbidity (p = 0.003), with efficiencies ranging from 76.7% to 81.3% for COD, 74.9% to 96.6% for color, and 74.3% to 98.9% for turbidity. The LC 30% CV treatment showed the best performance for COD (81.3%) and turbidity (98.9%). The presence of Vetiver had a significant effect on ammoniacal nitrogen (p = 0.009) and nitrate (p = 0.013), with N-NH₄⁺ removal efficiencies ranging from 94.4% to 100.0%. Notably, the control treatment (LC 0% CV) showed higher efficiency for nitrate (84.4%), indicating negative interference of LC on denitrification processes. For nitrite and phosphate, no significant effects of the tested factors were detected, although the efficiencies were satisfactory (71.0-76.9% for NO₂⁻; 86.1-88.4% for PO₄³⁻). Chlorophyll assessment revealed a non-linear pattern with a minimum at LC 20%, suggesting possible competition for phosphorus between the plant and the substrate. It is concluded that Lithothamnium calcareum is a promising component for VFCWs aiming at the removal of organic matter and physical parameters, while Vetiver contributes to the transformation of nitrogen compounds, providing support for the optimization of agro-industrial wastewater treatment systems.

The use of wastewater is necessary nowadays, due to the

water scarcity, which is not a problem that only occurs in Brazil, but in the

world. The lack of water can compromise irrigated agriculture, being one of the

activities that consume the most water. Treated effluents can be used as

alternative sources to meet water and nutritional demand. Beetroot is a

demanding crop in nutritional terms, requires balanced fertilizer management that

has the capacity to replace the nutrients that were extracted by the crop, in order to

prevent soil depletion. The present work aims to analyze the

agronomic and sanitary aspects in beet cultivation subjected to the process of

fertigation with wastewater from dairy cattle farming treated in a Unit

Treatment Pilot in a Constructed Wetland system (WCs). The work was

carried out Integrated Agroecological Production System (SIPA) or known as

Little farm at km 47, to carry out the fertigation process, water was used

dairy cattle waste (ARB) treated in the Pilot Treatment Unit

(UPT) and two varieties of red Beetroot (Beta Vulgaris L.) were selected

and white, the ARB doses, calculated as a function of the N doses (%), where the

reference used (100% N) was 90 kg. ha -1 for vegetables, treatments

applied were: (0, 800, 400 and 1200 mL). In the present study, it was observed that

significant differences occurred, as in the case of fresh bulb mass (MFB) of

purple beet and not significant in variables such as number of leaves (NF), height of

plant (AP) and bulb diameter (DB) of the two varieties and it was also found

absence of Salmonella and the amount of < 3 NMP. g -1 of E. Coli in all

treatments. Therefore, wastewater did not influence the development of the crop

nor in microbiological contamination, the products are in accordance with legislation

established by ANVISA.

Water erosion is one of the forms of degradation that most affects tropical areas around the world, causing environmental, social and economic impacts. One of the main causes of this type of degradation is the removal of the vegetation covering the topsoil. In Brazil, the Atlantic Forest Biome is heavily affected by this type of erosion process due to high rates of deforestation and high rainfall, causing the most advanced stage of water erosion, gullies. The aim of this study was to characterize the physical, chemical and microbiological attributes of the soil in gullies with different degrees of evolution in the Atlantic Forest Biome. Four gullies were selected according to each evolutionary stage set out in the literature, namely: a) initial (IN), b) intermediate (INT), c) mature (MA) and d) senile (SE). Deformed and undeformed soil samples were collected from the 0.0-0.10 layer on the external (ext) and internal (inte) sides of the gullies. Physical, chemical and microbiological soil attributes were assessed at the end of the dry season. Based on the results of the aforementioned analyses, it was possible to observe that the soil's physical attributes showed higher levels of natural clay and sand in the SE stage. The bulk density (Bd) and total porosity (Tp) attributes, on the external and internal faces, respectively, were also higher in the SE stage. For the stability of microaggregates, there was a tendency towards balance between the faces for the variables water-dispersible clay (WDA), non-water-dispersible clay (WND) and water-reflocculable clay (WRA). For the chemical attributes, higher levels of hydrogenionic potential (pH), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), potassium (K⁺), phosphorus (P), S-value, T-value and V-value were observed in the gully with a higher stabilization stage. The fractions of organic matter, total organic carbon (TOC), particulate organic carbon (POC), organic carbon associated with minerals (COam) and oxidizable carbon (POXC), followed the same pattern as the attributes related to fertility. Observation of the data on total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (NT) and the C/N ratio showed higher values in the SE gully and a tendency towards balance between the faces. For the microbiological attributes, the highest levels of soil protein related to total glomalin - PSGR-T, activity of the enzyme β-glucosidase, as well as species richness, were observed in the gully in the senile stage. A total of 23 morphospecies were quantified, distributed at species (17) and genus (6) level, with a predominance of the genera glomus (6 species) and acaulospora (5 species). As for the multivariate analyses, there was a greater correlation between the soil organic matter attributes and the soil microbiological attributes. It can be concluded that the physical, chemical and microbiological attributes of the soil in gully environments in the Atlantic Forest biome are influenced by the evolutionary stages and their respective surface faces, in the 0-0.10 cm layer, with the senile stage showing the best soil conditions for recovery, especially on the inner face for most of the soil attributes. This is due to the evolutionary stage, i.e. from the moment regeneration occurs with the colonization of plant species inside the gully, the degradation process slows down and the ecosystem begins to stabilize the soil's systemic activities. The attributes used functioned as indicators of soil quality in these environments, reflecting the dynamics of the edaphic attributes and providing information that can support the design of programs aimed at recovering degraded areas.

Composting is a technique for treating solid residues of organic origin that allows the reinsertion in the production chain of micro and macronutrients that, in principle, are removed from the soil by the agricultural harvest, thus providing the replacement or reduction in the need for the use of organic fertilizers of synthetic nature

The study of the composting process on a full scale is often not viable given the large need for inputs (large volume of material to be composted, large physical space requirements, etc.). The present work aims to develop a base mixture of waste, with physical-chemical characteristics considered optimal in the literature, and also to propose a methodology for carrying out studies on composting in bench reactors. The experiment was carried out at the Soloteca facilities at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) and used polypropylene reactors with 3 liters of volume, upward air flow provided by BOYU® air compressors, model SC-3500 and compensation of thermal losses. via differential temperature control (CDT). The biological process was monitored by monitoring the internal temperature of the reactors and analyzing respirometry obtained with O2 sensors. Tests were carried out to determine the ideal position for the air outake of the reactors with a view to satisfactorily monitoring the biological process and evaluating the importance of the thermal loss compensation mechanism. The comparison of the decomposition values of fresh mass, dry mass, duration of the thermophilic period, duration of the period above 55°C and the areas of the temperature profile obtained in the experiment were compared with those that the literature points out as ideal for simulating the composting. The low coefficient of variation of the monitored quantities is an indicator of the predictability of the behavior of the waste mixture throughout the composting process and the robustness and reproducibility of the proposed methodology.

Confinement dairy farming seeks to maximize production per area, but faces environmental challenges due to the nutrient-rich waste generated. The constructed wetland technique has been highlighted as a low-cost approach to effluent treatment, and the use of cattle wastewater (ARB) in these systems could be promising. Therefore, this research project aims to assess the feasibility of using (ARB) as a fertilizer for radish and rocket crops, contributing to a more sustainable agricultural system. The importance of this project lies in promoting agro-ecological agriculture, in line with the UN's Sustainable Development Goals. Replacing synthetic fertilizers with ARB can reduce pressure on water resources and minimize environmental impacts. By evaluating this practice, we hope to provide subsidies for more efficient and environmentally responsible agriculture.

The Turvo River Hydrographic Sub Basin is located in the region of Minas Gerais, within the Rio Doce Hydrographic Basin, located in the eastern region of the State of Minas Gerais and northeast of the State of Espírito Santo, it has been widely affected by processes of erosion and soil degradation. Consequently, such processes directly compromise the quality of the watercourses that make up the basin. Given the current scenario, strategies that minimize and promote the recovery of the characteristics of hydrographic basins are necessary. The implantation and recovery of vegetation zones that reduce the damage caused by precipitation in exposed soil and their correct allocation are essential factors to obtain effective results. The tools provided by a Geographic Information System (GIS) allow addressing the various factors involved in the environmental degradation of a basin, allowing planning to solve the problems associated with it. The Unit Stream Power Based Erosion Deposition (USPED) model estimates sediment erosion and deposition based on calculations evaluating the steeper slope sediment flux change, this indicates whether a given area is more likely to be sediment producing or depositing . Obtaining erosion and deposition patterns makes it possible to evaluate different possible land cover scenarios, although zones that show efficient locations for forest restoration are already known, the allocation and determination of the size that maximizes the process of retention of carried sediments is extremely importance. Thus, the objective of this work is to determine the size and shape of vegetation zones aiming at greater efficiency in the retention of sediments transported by surface runoff and election of physical barriers in these areas within the Turvo River Sub Basin - MG.

Brazil is one of the largest consumers of pesticides worldwide. The use of these chemical compounds in agriculture causes serious problems to the environment, such as contamination of surface, underground and spring waters used in the supply of potable water. The objective of the study will be to evaluate the pesticide removal as: acephate, aldrin, atrazine, boscalid, chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil, deltamethrin, dichlorvos, malathion and trifluralin in contaminated surface water with known concentrations. The methodology is based on an advanced oxidation system with application of ozone, in different reaction times, with identification and quantification of compounds and their degradation products by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. As a result, it is expected that the technique of ozonation in contaminated water is successful, reaching a removal percentage of 100% at lower concentrations, commonly found in surface water, and from 80 to 100% at higher concentrations at experimental levels.

Microalgae have been studied in recent years due to their biotechnological potential. The cultivation of microalgae in wastewater can result in the production of a biofertilizer for agricultural crops. Microalgae biofertilizer is the biomass of microalgae that, after being mineralized, can provide nutrients for plants. The application of microalgae biomass as a biofertilizer for horticultural production is one of the possible uses of this bioproduct. The main objective of the present work was to evaluate the use of microalgae biomass cultivated in organic cattle wastewater (CW) as biofertilizer for cultivation of Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. This dissertation was organized into two chapters to address the objectives of each stage of the research. The first chapter addressed the objective of produce, in CW, microalgae Arthrospira platensis DHR 20 (Spirulina) with compatible physical-chemical and microbiological characteristics for use as liquid biofertilizer. The rate of CO₂ biofixation in the microalgae cultivation process was also obtained. The CW was bioremediated with microalgae in column photobioreactors adapted in 2L polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles (FBR). The characterization of the CW and microalgae biomass was performed by analyzing total macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg), micronutrients (Zn, Cu, B), Na content, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), pH, total organic carbon (C) content, C:N ratio, electrical conductivity (EC), and microbiological parameters (thermotolerant coliforms, viable helminth eggs, Salmonella sp.). The second chapter aimed to comparatively evaluate the effect of microalgae nitrogen biofertilizer, from microalgae production in ARB, with only ARB and with conventional nitrogen source (urea) on the development of the shoot and roots of arugula (Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav.), as well as monitor the microbiological characteristics in the leaves of arugula. The changes in soil chemical properties and soil structure after the experiment were also evaluated.  The experiment consisted of three treatments: T1 - Control, with application of conventional nitrogen source (urea); T2 - Calculated dose equivalent to conventional N from CW; T3 - Calculated dose equivalent to conventional N from microalgal biomass biofertilizer. The experimental design was entirely randomized (DIC) with seven repetitions with four seedlings each experimental plot. The main conclusion of this research is that microalgae biomass biofertilizer has nutritional potential for plants, mainly as a source of N and K, and as a soil conditioner. According to the SAR, the microalgae biofertilizer produced does not present a level of restriction for use on soil. However, the safety of its long-term application is not guaranteed due to the high levels of Na⁺ and K⁺ found in the soil after receiving this treatment. The average of CO₂ biofixation obtained enables the conclusion that the cultivation of the microalga Spirulina in CW presents suitability for the biocapture of this Greenhouse gas (GHG). The seedlings of arugula produced in the three treatments presented similar developmental quality according to Dickson Quality Index (IQD). However, the plants fertilized with urea showed statistically superior performance in height (H), number of leaves (NF), stem diameter (DC), leaf area (AF), and shoot dry mass (MSPA), and higher concentration of N and Na in the leaves compared to T2 and T3. The arugula leaves of the three treatments showed negative results for the presence of thermotolerant coliforms. The evaluation of soil structure after the experiment indicates that microalgae biofertilizer, as well as ARB, can act as a soil conditioner, improving its structural quality when compared to soil fertilized with urea.

Agriculture has great economic and social power, in addition to consuming on a large scale a vital resource for humanity, water. In order to increase the efficiency of water consumption, several technological changes have been implemented in the agricultural sector, seeking to optimize the efficiency of irrigation systems and water use efficiency. Among these technological changes, the concept of Precision Agriculture is increasingly widespread, presenting itself as a solution in the planning and management of irrigated agriculture. The production of vegetable crops is predominantly carried out by family farming and the most used irrigation system is conventional aspersion, which is characterized by the application of uniform water throughout the planting area. However, the use of this system is not very convenient, since the gardens present high spatial variability of water consumption, that is, the uniform application of water in these environments can generate a loss of water use efficiency, because some areas are excessively irrigated and /or other crops are exposed to water deficit. Therefore, this work seeks to develop an irrigation system aimed at family farming, aiming at automation and precision irrigation, which meets the criteria of spatial variability existing in vegetable gardens. A mobile drip bar connected to a winding reel will be designed, which will move automatically and will have its linear displacement, irrigating four beds at the same time. The irrigation depth will be controlled by two factors, through the displacement speed and the operating time of the electric valves. Through the displacement speed, the smallest blade needed will be applied at the site and the additional blade to the other crops will be applied through the valves operating time. The project will be developed at the Engineering Department, at the Institute of Technology of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRRJ, where the prototype will be built and the performance of the equipment will be evaluated. The evaluation will take place in the Integrated System of Agroecological Production (SIPA – Fazendinha Agroecológica), which has great diversity in vegetable crops. After the methodological steps are carried out, it is expected to obtain a low-cost equipment that meets the producers of family agriculture, with high efficiency and precision, with localized application, according to the demand of the culture, so that the workforce is reduced. with highly efficient equipment. In addition to obtaining robust, modern and high-tech equipment, the purpose is to make Precision Agriculture accessible to the small producer, so that it meets their needs.

Know the dynamics of water in the soil and the amount required by the crop is fundamental for agricultural planning and management. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the Thornthwaite and Mather and Kc dual (FAO-56) models for estimating soil moisture and evapotranspiration of sugarcane in Rio Largo, AL. Meteorological, crop and soil measurements were obtained in the experimental area of the Campus of Engineering and Agrarian Sciences of the Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL). The adjustments of crop and soil parameters (Kc, Kcb and f) were performed by inverse modeling techniques, in which volumetric moisture data measured by TDR probes and actual evapotranspiration obtained by the Bowen energy balance method were used. The Metropolis-Hastings method was used to adjust the model coefficients. The models were evaluated by the performance indices of modified Willmott's concordance index (dw) (1985), coefficient of determination (r2), root mean square error (RMSE), systematic and non-systematic errors. The total actual evapotranspiration during the cycle estimated by the Thornthwaite and Mather model on a daily scale ranged from 553.6 to 827,6 mm. The actual evapotranspiration for the dual Kc model ranged between 804,7 and 841,6 mm. The adjusted Kc values optimized with actual evapotranspiration and volumetric moisture were lower than FAO-56 values by 5.6, 28 and 69.6%, respectively. The low Kc value obtained with volumetric moisture in the ThM model resulted in lower actual evapotranspiration. The optimized Kcb values with actual evapotranspiration and volumetric moisture were lower than the FAO-56 values by 25.8% and 13.3%, respectively. Both models underestimated volumetric moisture and overestimated actual evapotranspiration under P-ETc ≥ 0 condition. However, better precision and accuracy of the models was observed for ETR estimation in the P-ETc ≥ 0 condition. The best performance of the two models for volumetric moisture estimation was obtained in the P-ETc < 0 condition when optimized with volumetric moisture.

Eutrophication involves the enrichment of a body of water with nutrients, leading to excessive algae growth. While this process can occur naturally, human activities have exacerbated eutrophication, resulting in significant impacts on the water quality of lakes and reservoirs. Eutrophication is primarily caused by the input of nutrients, mainly phosphorus and nitrogen, from untreated domestic and agroindustrial effluents. One way to assess the magnitude of eutrophication is through the Trophic State Index (TSI), which considers parameters such as Chlorophyll a, Total Phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, pH, solids, among others, and allows for the classification of a water body on a scale ranging from ultra-oligotrophic to hyper-eutrophic. In this context, this study aims to determine the Trophic State Index of Lake IA at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). For this purpose, two sampling campaigns were conducted on August 26, 2022, and December 14, 2022, during which samples were collected from 40 points in the lake using an aluminum boat for subsequent analysis. The results were plotted on maps with color scales to visualize the distribution of the values obtained. The TSI values found for both campaigns were 77.3 and 76.3 for August and December, respectively, classifying the lake as hyper-eutrophic on both dates, which represents the worst condition of eutrophication on the scale.

The world trade in fodder is expanding due to the demand for roughage to feed animals. The application of technology from computer vision can be an alternative to traditional methods of analysis of bromatological parameters, making the process less expensive and allowing to obtain non-destructive samples with results instantly. The present work aims to evaluate quality attributes of Tifton 85 grass (Cynodon spp.) through RGB and RGNIR digital images, relating the colorimetric indices with the bromatological analyzes of the culture. The experiment was carried out in an agricultural production area located at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, in the municipality of Seropédica, RJ. The colorimetric indices obtained through digital images (in the visible and near infrared spectral region) of the cultivar Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) at different cutting ages (14, 28, 42 and 56 days) and fertilization levels (0 , 100, 200 and 300 kg/ha). ACP multivariate analysis was applied to extract the most relevant spectral indices and correlated with the original variables, through the criterion of PCs with explanatory power of at least 70% of the total variability of the data. PC1 values generated from the coefficients associated with the Colorimetric indices with the highest correlation were related by means of a simple quadratic regression with the nutritional attributes, to evaluate the productivity of dry matter, mineral matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, non-fibrous carbohydrate and gross energy. The relationship between the spectral indices and the quality attributes of Tifton 85 grass allowed the explanatory power of the variance in PC1 in almost all cases evaluated . The RGB spectral indices were more related to crude protein (R2 between 0.61 and 0.94), productivity (R2 between 0.61 and 0.94). The RGNIR spectral indices showed a greater relationship with productivity with R2 between 0.78 and 0.99, and with crude protein with R2 between 0.75 and 0.88. The RGNIR indices, in general, allowed a greater relationship with the bromatological parameters than the RGB indices.

Sorghum is a rustic plant that stands out for its high biomass production and tolerance to water deficit, making it a good alternative for agricultural diversification. A latent factor that causes problems in sorghum production is the presence of weeds, which compete for nutrients and water with the crop. The study of spectral analysis of plants by spectroradiometer can be an ideal tool for decision making, obtaining faster results and in a non-destructive way for crop management. The present work aims to define the appropriate spectral range to differentiate sorghum weeds in the RGB spectral region by means of the spectroradiometer. The experiment was carried out at UFRRJ, located in Seropédica RJ, in an area of 1 ha of sorghum production. Forty control points were analyzed on five different dates for collecting the spectral signatures of the plants. Spectral analysis was performed for weeds and sorghum by an ASD FIELDSPEC® 4 spectroradiometer. The spectral readings were analyzed using a multivariate statistical technique, principal component analysis (PCA), in order to obtain consistent classifications. regarding the discrimination of the spectral bands for the plant species in the area. As a result of the study, it was observed that the plants showed different behavior for the five days of collection, mainly in the green and red regions. The principal component analysis allowed the reduction of the data size and the discrimination of the spectral bands that differentiated the groups of weed species and Sorghum. The green region showed greater differentiation between plants for all collections. The ideal spectral ranges for species distinction in the red region were the wavelengths 689-693nm for the first collection, 650-662nm for the second collection and 657-660nm for the last collection and in the green region of 570-580nm . This spectral difference between plants is due to the pigment content of each species, such as chlorophyll and carotenoids. The results obtained contributed to the discrimination of weed and sorghum species in the RGB spectral region, showing potential for use to discriminate species, which makes it a more accessible alternative.

The increased demand for energy results in an increase in fossil fuel consumption. However, the planet’s oil deposits will soon reach unsustainable levels, presenting an opportunity for biofuels. In this study, cattle wastewater (CWW) was used to cultivate a microalgae consortium in photobioreactors. Seven rounds of experiments were carried out with the addition of CO₂ (ControlCO₂), ozone application for 10, 20 and 30 minutes (O₃T10, O₃T20 and O₃T30) and a combination of CO₂ and ozone (O₃T10CO₂ and O₃T20CO₂). Maximum dry biomass (18.63 g L^-1) and CO₂ biofixation (8,047.79 mg L^-1 d^-1) were obtain in O₃T20CO₂. 48% of lipid was registered in O₃T30 and O₃T20, indicating that microalgae were stressed when exposed to ozonized wastewater. C16:0 was detected in higher concentrations in all experiments. O₃T30, O₃T10CO₂ and O₃T20CO₂ had values for C18:3 in accordance with the requirements of EN 14214. Removals of up to 100% for NH₃-N, 99.6% for P and 91.7% for COD were recorded. The data indicates a possibility for CWW bioremediation and biofuel production in significantly quantity and quality in comparison to the current scenario of microalgae cultivation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the spatial variability of chemical and physical parameters and fractions of organic matter in soils cultivated with Tifton 85 and banana BRS Princesa and characterize them in management zones. The experiments were carried out in areas located at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica-RJ, in cultivation of Tifton 85 at Fazenda Feno Rio and in the Horticulture Sector in organic cultivation of banana BRS Princesa. For the Tifton 85 area, 50 points were collected in irregular mesh and deformed soil samples were taken at depths of 0-0.20 m and 0.20-0.40 m. Data on the sum of exchangeable bases (SB), total cation exchange capacity (T value), base saturation (V%), organic matter (MO), total clay, total sand, silt, carbon in the fuvic acid fraction (C-FAF), humic acid fraction (C-FAH), humine fraction (C-HUM), particulate carbon (COp), mineral-associated carbon (COam), light organic matter (MOL, content of C and N), estimation of fresh mass (MF) of Tifton 85 and the need for liming (NC) at a fixed and variable rate for a depth of 0-0.20 m. For the banana area, 60 georeferenced points were collected and samples of deformed soil at 0-0.05, 0.05-0.10 m, 0.10-0.20 m and 0.20-0 were collected , 40 m. Soil attributes were analyzed pH, Ca, Mg, Al, Na, K, P, H+Al, SB, T value, V%, fractions of total sand, total clay and silt, total organic carbon (COT ), COp and COam (at 0-0.05 m, 0.05-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m), soil resistance to penetration (RSP) and gravimetric soil moisture. The RSP was obtained from the cone index (CI) using an impact penetrometer and the CI was measured to a depth of 0.40 m. The data were submitted to exploratory analysis and descriptive statistics, followed by the geostatistical study in which each variable was subjected to modeling of theoretical semivariogram and ordinary kriging, obtaining spatial variability maps. Multivariate analysis was performed to design the management zones (ZM) based on the principal component analysis (PCA) followed by the k-means method. In the area cultivated with Tifton 85, the spatial distribution of fractions of organic matter in the soil suggests higher levels in regions with a high probability of occurrence of higher crop yields. In the organic cultivation of the BRS Princesa banana, the spatial relationships of nutrients available in the soil indicate a nutritional imbalance. The RSP values evaluated in the bananal suggest greater compaction in the subsurface. If the banana trees are damaged and management must be carried out to improve the edaphic conditions of the banana plantation, such as subsoiling located at a different depth. It was possible to generate two ZM for the different experimental areas for the purpose of fertilization recommendation. It was found that the localized management with the application of organic fertilizer can be indicated, and higher doses should be applied in one MZ when compared to the other, given the greater need for increasing organic matter in the soil in specific places in the experimental areas.

The areas with Euphorbia hirta infestation are growing, especially in the central-western region of Brazil, due to the difficulty of control with the techniques normally used for the management of weeds. Because chemical control is the main management method, studies on alternatives to glyphosate, in pre- or post-emergence, that are effective for the management of the species are important. The objective of this work will be to evaluate the efficacy in the control of the species E. hirta, in pre and post-emergence of the species with isolated applications and in a mixture of herbicides. And also, present knowledge related to anatomical characterization of the stem and leaf of the species E. hirta. Three experiments will be conducted at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro - Seropédica / RJ. The first experiment (EI) will evaluate the efficacy of pre-emergent herbicides in controlling the species Euphorbia hirta, while the second (EII) will evaluate the efficacy of post-emergent herbicides isolated and in mixture for the control of the same species. And the third experiment (EIII) will study the anatomical characteristics of the stem and leaf of the species Euphorbia hirta. The EI and EII experiments will be done in duplicate. The EI will be conducted in a randomized block design, with four repetitions in a single-factor scheme. Nine pre-emergence treatments + control without application will be evaluated. Control will be performed at 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days after the emergency (DAE) evaluation. At 42 DAE, residual effect, area part length (APL) and aerial part dry mass (APDM) evaluations will be carried out. The EII will be in two phenological stages (8 to 12 cm and 20 to 25 cm), each one conducted in a randomized block design, with four repetitions in a single-factor scheme. 29 post-emergency treatments + control without application will be evaluated. Control and transient fluorescence assessments of chlorophyll a will be performed at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days after application (DAA). At 42 DAA, part length (APL) and aerial part dry mass (APDM) assessments will be carried out. For EIII, E. hirta samples will be processed following usual techniques under light microscopy. Quantitative data will be subjected to analysis of variance (p ≤ 0.05); and being significant, the averages will be compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability.

The species Commelina benghalensis and Commelina diffusa, are difficult to control, due to the ease of propagation and tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate. The present work aimed to evaluate the control of C. benghalensis and C. diffusa species, through the application of post and pre-emergent herbicides, specifications alone and in mixture. Four experiments were carried out (EI, EII, EIII and EIV), three of them, conducted in replicate (RI, RII and RIV). The experiments EI and EII (replicates RI and RII), aimed to evaluate the control of both species in post-emergence, with different number of leaves, being from 4 to 6 (EI and RI) and from 6 to 10 leaves (EII and RII), respectively. Experiments EI and EII were conducted in emergency, with 22 treatments, in applications or in mixture, of the herbicides glyphosate, saflufenacil, carfentrazone, 2,4-D, triclopyr, dicamba, flumioxazin, chlorimuron and chloransulam. The replicate assays (RI and RII), were conducted with 27 treatments for both species, with the same criteria used for EI and EII, meanwhile it was added to the treatment diclosulam + halauxifen distributed alone and in mixture. Transient fluorescence analyzes of chlorophyll a, visual analysis of control, shoot length and dry mass were performed. A physical-chemical compatibility test was carried out with the 27 treatments of the post-emergent replicate experiment. The EIII experiment was carried out for the quantification of hydrogen peroxide in the two species studied, being conducted with 10 treatments, with isolated application and in a mixture of the herbicides glyphosate, 2,4-D, triclopyr, flumioxazin, saflufenacil, carfentrazone and control. The experiment with pre-emergent herbicides (EIV) was carried out in replicate (RIV). Both experiments were seeded with C. benghalensis, containing 10 treatments, these being: diclosulam, s-metolachlor, imazetapyr + flumioxazin, flumioxazin, imazetapyr, sulfentrazone + diuron, clomazone and control. The EV experiment was carried out to evaluate the residual effect of the RIV experiment, where a new sowing was carried out in the pots at 42 DAE. The effectiveness of controlling and counting the number of emerged plants was evaluated. The data of the experiments were submitted to ANOVA (p ≤ 0.05), being significant, they were compared by the Skott-Knott test (EI, EII, RI and RII) and Tukey (EIII, EIV, RIV and EV). The species of C. benghalensis and C. diffusa, showed similar behavior in the post-emergent experiments. The dicamba applied alone, did not present control for the two species evaluated. Control of plants was observed when mixed with glyphosate herbicide and PROTOX inhibitors for C. benghalensis plants. The mixture of glyphosate with chlorimuron or chloransulam, was efficient only for C. diffusa. In the residual (EV) experiment, flumioxazin, imazetapyr and imazetapyr + flumioxazin (0.5L ha-1), showed no control for C. benghalensis. It is concluded that the control of both species in post-emergence, should be performed from 4 to 6 leaves. The use of pre-emergent herbicides promotes control of C. benghalensis, making it necessary to pay attention to the residual herbicides.

Noise is one of the occupational hazards agents in which exposed to them may be subject to a number of injuries. The machines are an important source of noise in agriculture. Thus, the objective of this work is to use geostatistics to map the spatial distribution of noise emitted by agricultural tractors with and without the use of agricultural implements in order to evaluate the health zones for all workers involved in the mechanized operation. The experiment will be developed at the Technical College of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (CTUR), Seropédica-RJ and at the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA). Agricultural tractors of different potencies (14, 15, 65, 75, 82, 95, 100, 110 hp) will be used. The tractors will be tested with and without agricultural implements. The implements to be driven by the tractors will be, the mower, the rotating hoe and the spreader of fertilizers. The digital decibelmeter will be used to collect the noise levels at points distributed in a regular sampling mesh of 1.0 x 1.0 m and also 2.0 x 2.0 m around these machines. The spatial dependence of the noise will be analyzed by wave-type semivariogram adjustment and kriging interpolation. Thus, it will be possible to characterize the structure and magnitude of the spatial dependence of the noise levels emitted by the tractor, as well as to map its spatial distribution in order to identify healthier areas to the workers.

Antagonistic interactions between herbicides can affect the control of the weeds, as occurs in the association of 2,4-D and graminicides. Little is known about this antagonistic action and there are suspicion that 2,4-D contributes to increasing of the Cytochrome P450 activity, which is an enzymatic complex acting on herbicides metabolization.  In this way, the objective of this study is investigating the Cytochrome P450 acts in the antagonism between 2,4-D and graminicides applied to control D. insularis. Two experiments were performed with replicates in green house located in the Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, using D. insularis in flowering stage. The experimental outlining was randomized blocks design in a factorial scheme 9x2+3, being the A factor, the control and the herbicides 2,4-D (1005 g ea.ha-1); clethodim (192 g ia.ha-1), (Experiment I/II-1) or haloxyfop (62,4 g i.a. ha-1), (experiment I/II-2), applied alone, in tank mixture or applied sequentially at 0, 3, 6 and 12 days intervals. The B factor with or without malathion (1000 g ha-1), which was applied two hours prior to the other treatments and the additional treatments that represent the addition of the malathion in the spray mix.  A physico-chemical compatibility test was performed to verify the behaviour of the pesticides when mixture in the tank. Fluorescence analysis were collected in 7, 14 and 35 days after applications, Visual assessments of control were performed in 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days and shoot dry mass after collection of the experiments at 35 days. Fluorescence analysis were collected in 7, 14 and 35 days after applications, Visual assessments of control were performed in 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days and shoot dry mass . The data collected were submitted to the variance test ANOVA (p ≤ 0,05), being F significant, the data were submitted to the T-test 5% probability. The results demonstrate that there was a control reduction when the 2,4-D was added with graminicides in the spray mix, however, the mixture between 2,4-D and clethodim showed a higher control in comparisson with clethodim applyed alone. It were also observed that, despite of the statistical difference between the treatments with or without inhibitor on parameters such as fluorescence, control rates and shoot dry mass, the malathion application, in general, did not show expected results, as seen in similar studies, don’t inhibiting the cytochrome P450. Besides that, the treatments that the inhibitor was added in the spray mix, provide a similar or lesser control in comparison with the treatments without the presence malathion. By the compatibility test, the mixtures with malathion do not have use restrictions and were classified as homogeneous under agitation. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that the malathion application 2 hours prior or in the mixed-tank with 2,4-D and graminicides does't have effectiveness in the control of the D. insularis. In addition to that, the herbicide clethodim, when mixtured with 2,4-D provided higher efficacy to controle the sourgrass, when it's compared with haloxyfop

It is justified by the scarcity of studies with these types of wastes in composting for the production of organic fertilizers. The results of this study may include technical recommendations on the use of this waste by organic fertilizer manufacturers or by breweries that may treat the waste itself. Brazilian beer production generates 3,500 million waste per year, which can be destined to produce fertilizers will bring benefits to the soil, breweries, fertilizers and the environment. Hypothesis: Diatomaceous earth reduces nitrogen losses by ammonia volatilization compared to other adsorbent materials (zeolite and biochar). General Objective To reduce nitrogen losses by ammonia volatilization in composting of brewery waste. Specific Objectives • To compare the use of in-nature and post-compost residues by chemical characterization and germination tests; • Comparison and effect of diatomaceous earth with mineral zeolite and biochar. • Evaluate the organic fertilizer produced according to MAPA standards

Agricultural and livestock production is influenced by different climatic factors and international demand. Currently, livestock has an important role in the country's economic activity, and as a result of this influence, there is a need to rethink the management steps based on the application of new techniques and technological tools in the management of these areas. The present work presents an evaluation of the biometric conditions and the processing of orbital images to obtain the vegetation indexes of a pasture area located in the municipality of Cachoeiras de Macacu, Rio de Janeiro. For the biometric characterization, both the destructive and the non-destructive method and the orbital images of the Landsat-8 (L8) and Sentinel-2 (S2) satellites were considered. In the campaigns, the leaf area index (IAF) was estimated with the use of the ceptometer and height verification for the external and internal area, in the destructive method adopted in three campaigns the external vegetation was cut at ground level and taken to the laboratory. The orbital images were selected considering the least interference from clouds, pre-processed and manipulated algebraically with geoprocessing tools. The meteorological variables to characterize the environmental conditions of the place were registered by a micrometeorological station installed in the area and the precipitation variable registered by a meteorological station located in the vicinity. The IAF presented an average of 2.10, with a minimum value of 0.68, and a maximum value of 5.00, while in the internal area the average was 2.72, with a minimum value of 1.31 and a maximum of 5.31 . The height of the vegetation in the external area showed an average of 29.2 cm, with a maximum value of 75 cm and a minimum of 8 cm, for the internal area an average of 48.41 cm was found, with a maximum value of 90 cm and a minimum of 12 cm. For L8 images the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) ranged from 0.61 to 0.83, SAVI (Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index) from 0.32 to 0.68 and IAF with values between 0.52 and 4.56 , for S2 the variation of NDVI was 0.58 to 0.79, SAVI with 0.29 to 0.61 and IAF of 0.42 and 2.17. The study showed that the results show seasonal behavior, indicating that periods with greater availability of water and solar energy in the environment favor the development of vegetation. Monitoring becomes an important tool to assist in the knowledge of seasonal dynamics, providing information for pasture management projects.

Desertification is a process linked to the degradation of the Earth due to anthropic activities, and natural factors such as climate variability. Desertification affects about two-thirds of the world's countries, and has implications for the economic, social and environmental sectors, as well as diminishing the quality of human life. The state of Rio de Janeiro presents spatial, temporal and climatic variability and economic activities. In this sense, the objective of the present study was to identify areas at risk of desertification in the state of Rio de Janeiro, based on the physical indicators (climate, soil, land use and occupation, vegetation, relief features, conservation units and geomorphology) and the determination of an Index of Sensitive Environmental Areas (ESAI). In order to determine the ESAI, the intermediate indices were calculated: Soil Quality Index (PLQI - geomorphology, soil type and slope), Soil Management Index (MQI - conservation units and land use and occupation), Index of Climate Quality (CQI - rainfall, dryness index and relief orientation). From these intermediate indices, it was possible to obtain the ESAI, for the mesoregions of government and for the municipalities. The ranges of susceptibility adopted were: low, moderate and high susceptibility calculated for each intermediate index and ESAI. Most of the state has been classified as not susceptible to desertification. The North region had the highest percentage of the low susceptibility class (57.85%), followed by the Northwest (31.96%), Metropolitan (25.43%), Lowered (10.96%) and Serrana %). For the moderate class, the Northwest region (26.66%), North (57.85%), Serrana (2.60%), Metropolitan region (1.98%) and Coastal shallows (0.60%) had the highest percentage. São João de Meriti, with the highest percentage of areas with low susceptibility (99.36%) and municipalities of Cardoso Moreira with a higher class of moderate susceptibility (48.02%). The method was efficient in determining areas susceptible to desertification and serves as an alert for the need for mitigation measures or adaptation to environmental degradation processes.

Solar Disinfection (SODIS) is a simple technology for inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms, which has a high potential for use in situations where it is not possible to apply conventional water treatment techniques. Several researches have demonstrated the efficiency of SODIS technology, which, by the concomitant action of temperature and UV solar radiation, provides the inactivation of viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi. The most important variables for the efficiency of SODIS are solar radiation, air temperature, climatic conditions in the exposure period, water turbidity, stored volume, storage container material and exposure time. The objective of this work was to evaluate the applicability of SODIS technology to control the microbiological quality of water used by residents of the Colônia Juliano Moreira / RJ area. In order to do so, a diagnosis was made of the conditions of the study site for water supply and sanitary sewage, the identification and georeferencing of the water catchment points (wells, springs, streams) used by the residents of the study area, verified the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the water consumed by the community and evaluated the applicability of simplified technologies such as direct filtration and SODIS technology as possible solutions to guarantee the microbiological quality of the water supply in the studied area.

The cultivation from the organic system has been expanding in the world agricultural production scenario. Organic management presents a new perspective to make viable production using practices that allow the farmer high productivity reconciled with environmental, social, economic sustainability and high quality food production. The practice of organic agriculture allows improvements in the physical and chemical attributes of the soil, besides favoring its conservation. Within this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the soil quality under organic cultivation of vegetables and agroforestry system by analyzing the spatial variability of physical and chemical attributes and the preparation of management maps. Deformed and undisturbed soil samples for the evaluation of physical and chemical attributes were collected at depths of 0-10.0 and 10.0 to 20.0 m. The samples were collected at geo-referenced points to generate variability maps of quality parameters. The physical attributes of the soil were: soil size (Ds), particle density (Dp), total porosity (Pt) and chemical parameters: pH, Ca, Mg, Al, H + Al, P, Na and K. At the end of the project a characterization of the physical and chemical quality of the soil was obtained, geostatistical maps allowing the recommendation of practices located in the area of the organic garden of CTUR / UFRRJ, to increase the production of the area, preservation of environmental control and maintaining the integrity of the organic planting system.

The present scientific research in the form of master's dissertation intends to contribute from its result, for a broader research project. And it intends to do this through a bibliographical research on the evolution of the environmental accident of Mariana-MG, of application of techniques of recovery of degraded areas and based on the use of geotechnology, such as images of the remote sensor Landsat-8 and digital models of terrain will serve as a basis for the development of land use and land cover mapping, through an already established methodology, in order to answer the questions inherent to the environmental dynamics that occurred in the accident scenario. Considering as the indirect influence study area, the municipality of Mariana-MG and as a direct influence the point of location of the tailings deposit and a strip of area downstream from that point and along the Gualaxo do Norte river. Three temporal moments will be observed, one before, one after the accident and another in the year 2018. With the main objective of locating and quantifying the impact areas, in the areas of permanent protection (APP) and in the agricultural and urban areas which were affected. In addition to specifically informing, if it occurs, the ratio of loss of agricultural area and the amount of associated financial loss. As well as indicate possible techniques of environmental recovery to be considered for those areas that have suffered degradation due to the accident. Thus, it is hoped to contribute with fundamental technical parameters for the consequent project that will evaluate the entire watershed of the Doce river.

The use of photogrammetric techniques, combined with geoprocessing tools and methodologies, allows a temporal analysis of a given land surface area, highlighting the agility in obtaining data, the reliability and the low cost of these techniques. The use of Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) technology enables high spatial and temporal resolution. Aerial images with such qualities contribute to obtaining information in the field, generating data that can be used to support decision making. The objective of this project is the development of a methodology for the volumetric monitoring of landfills using, as a data collection tool, RPA technology. To this end, with the help of the Google Earth software, the area to be surveyed was evaluated in order to identify possible complications to the RPA survey. In this same software, the coordinates of the central point of the study area for flight request were obtained from the Department of Control and Airspace. GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) equipment with RTK (Real Time Kinematic) technology was used. Photoidentifiable control and validation points were distributed evenly across the study area. The collected GNSS data were processed in specific equipment software and will use as a reference a point collected and processed using the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) method. The acquisition of the images took place through supervised flight according to the guidelines of the current legislation. The mobile software, PIX4D Capture was used for the development of collection missions, as well as for monitoring the flight plan and configuration of the RPA. The collected images were processed in the PIX4D Mapper software to calculate the positions and orientations of the images automatically, through aerial triangulation (AAT) and Bundle Block Adjustment (BBA). The software presented a set of georeferenced points, also known as point cloud or point cloud, then the software generated a digital elevation model (MDE). Data analysis was based on the generated DEM. This model stores the altimetric information of each pixel in a gray scale creating a raster file in the extension .TIF, which was worked in the software Quantum Gis (QGIS) where it was processed in order to obtain the volumetric quantification. With this study it was possible to obtain relevant information from the study area, such as volume and height of the massif, slope angles, specific weight, evolution of the landfill geometry and cover material deposits over time and settlement of the massif.

The combined treatment of landfill leachate with sanitary sewage by biological processes used in treatment plants has proved to be an economical and efficient alternative. However, the leachate can present toxic substances capable of compromising the efficiency of the process, and it is necessary to evaluate previously the leachate/sewage relation to be adopted. The activated sludge process is widely used in large cities and through some operational modifications can promote the biological removal of nitrogen. This is a relevant characteristic in cotreatment, since the addition of leachate represents a contribution of nitrogenous material. One of the problems in removing nitrogen is the emission of nitrous oxide (N₂O), a greenhouse gas. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the cotreatment of landfill leachate and sanitary sewage using a sequential batch reactor (SBR), in addition to monitoring the emissions of nitrous oxide. A reactor with a useful volume of approximately 35 L was used that operated with cycles of 6 hours. The experiment was conducted in two stages: STAGE 1 using only sanitary sewage and STAGE 2 with the addition of sanitary landfill leachate (0.5% v/v). The efficiency of removal of organic matter and nitrogen was evaluated before and after addition of the leachate as well as the emission of N₂O throughout the process. The addition of leachate caused biomass decrease in addition to affecting some observed operational parameters (SVI, DO and OUR). SBR was able to remove some characteristic parameters of the leachate as true color (43%) and apparent color (88%), as well as ABS 254 (42%), high values when compared to other types of processes as activated carbon. However, the addition of leachates led to the reduction of COD removal efficiencies, DOC and NTK. In STAGE 1, COD and DOC removal efficiencies were 90% and 83%, respectively, while in STEP 2, these mean removals were 67% and 72%, respectively. Regarding NTK, in STEP 1 a 98% removal was achieved and in STAGE 2 of 88%. Despite the reduction in process efficiency, the addition of leachate (0.5% v/v) did not compromise the quality of the treated effluent. As regards the emissions of nitrous oxide, the emission fluxes of this gas were slightly lower when the process operated with the addition of leachate. This behavior was contrary to that reported in the literature, probably due to the low concentrations of affluent organic matter observed only during STAGE 2, the higher values of dissolved oxygen and the slightly toxic effect of the leachate on the sludge biomass. In the two phases, the highest emissions were measured at the beginning of the aerobic phase of the SBR, being associated to the production of nitrous oxide during the sedimentation period possibly by the denitrification activity. The masses of N-N₂O emitted by the SBR were 82 mg/cycle without leachate and 61 mg/cycle with leachate, so the presence of the leachate did not represent relevance in the emission of this gas.

One of the major problems of agriculture is how to control weeds that are resistant to glyphosate. In Brazil the species Digitaria insularis (sourgrass) and Conyza spp. (fleabane) have been occurring together and with great aggression in soybean properties. Because they are monocotyledons and dicotyledons, the mechanism of action of the herbicide should be specific for control each species. An application of graminicides, inhibitors of the ACCase enzyme, has been the option of management of the sourgrass s resistant to glyphosate. Already for fleabane the inhibitory herbicides of ALS and the auxin-mimicking are efficient. However, people do not know much about the use of the two mechanisms of action in sequential applications or in mixtures for species control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction between synergism and antagonism between ACCase inhibitors, ALS and auxin mimics for control applications of D. insularis and Conyza spp. resistant to glyphosate. The experiments were conducted in vessels with soil at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica / RJ. These were developed in randomized blocks with 4 replicates, divided into 4 cases, case I and II for 3-4 field sourgrass and flowering stage, and case III and IV for construction plants in the 12-15 sheets. The herbicides used were: (A) haloxifop (62 g ha-1), (B) chloransulam (40 g ha-1) and (C) 2,4-D dimethylamine salt (670 g ha-1) sequential applications were 3, 6 and 12 days. As the applications evaluated when they are planned, there is no proposed phenological stage. Each case consisted of 10 treatments, in case I and III (control, A, C, A + C, sequential A + C and C + A with interval between applications of 3, 6 and 12 days) and the case II and IV (control A, B, A + B, sequential A + B and B + A with interval between applications of 3, 6 and 12 days). At 7 and 35 days and 14 and 35 days after application (DAA) for fleabane and sourgrass respectively, chlorophyll fluorescence and visual symptom analysis were performed and at 35 DAA the plants were collected with dry mass selection of part area and root. The data generated in the experiments were submitted to ANOVA (p <0.005), if a biometric data and visual symptom data were required and submitted to the Tuckey test and the chlorophyll fluorescence data to the Ducan test at the 5% probability level. It was possible to observe antagonism between herbicides administered without sourgrass control. The control of 100% of the plants was found in a stadium of 3-4 users of sourgrass, when haloxyfop was applied before chlorosulfan or 2,4-D in a minimum interval of 6 days. At flowering stage of sourgrass major damage was also observed with sequential haloxifop / chloransulam or 2,4-D. On the other hand, the control herbicides without control, without control of construction plants, regardless of the range or order of application of the herbicides haloxifope and cloransulam or 2,4-D, was observed 100% control. Therefore, in areas infested with fleabane and sourgrass the recommendation is to apply the graminicide 6 days before the latifolicide for an effective control of both species.

With the increasing demand for water, and the inability of its use in natura due to its contamination by sanitary, industrial and agricultural sewers, added to the legal requirements regarding its disposal and reuse have contributed to the development of new technologies focused on the treatment of effluents. One of the alternatives for the treatment of cattle wastewater that is proving to be promising is the use of filters with different residues as a filter media. This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of different filter media in the treatment of cattle wastewater. For this purpose, filter columns containing 60 cm in height and 150 mm in diameter were used with the respective filter media: maize cob and wood sawdust in the grain size range 2.38 to 4.00 mm, bamboo (medium size of 4 cm of height and 3 cm of diameter) and electrical steel slag in granulometry of 1,18 to 4,75 mm. For the evaluation of the efficiency of the system, the tributary and the effluent were characterized in relation to the following variables: chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS). All the filter media were efficient in the removal of COD and TSS. However, it was possible to verify that the COD removal efficiency was higher in the slag filter when compared to the others, reaching 50%. In the evaluation of the SST removal, the corn filter was the one that presented the best averages of removal efficiencies (81%).
Keywords: alternative

The objective of this study was to perform the morphometric characterization and to evaluate the physical and environmental heterogeneity of the Pandeiros river basin through a 24 - year time series of observations of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, digital elevation model and rainfall data collected in the 16 days which preceded the passage of Landsat 5 satellite over the studied region. The mean vegetation values were spatially distributed and related to the rainfall data and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation event. Non-parametric statistical analyzes and correlation matrix were used to identify spatial and temporal variations in vegetation dynamics. The coefficient of compactness, shape factor and circularity were 2.61, 0.48 and 0.39, indicating that the basin has an elongated shape and low flood risk. From the Pettitt test, it was verified that the vegetation in the year 2000 presented the biggest signal, being influenced by the La Niña phenomenon, whereas the rain presented the biggest signs in 1992 and 2011, periods under the influence of El Niño. The highest correlation found between vegetation and ocean temperature occurred during the La Niña episode (r = 0.50), during the neutrality period there was a higher correlation between rainfall and ocean temperature (r = 0.44), and the highest correlation found between rainfall and vegetation was observed during the El Nino period (r = 0.80). The results indicate the existence of a relationship between climatic events with changes in the water regime and vegetation of the Pandeiros river basin, directly influencing the ecosystem dynamics.

The use of materials of organic origin as a filter medium in wastewater treatment has proved to be an efficient and low cost alternative and can minimize environmental impacts through the discharge of effluents, without prior treatment, into receiving or soil water bodies. After being discarded of the filters, these organic waste In addition to being able to be submitted to processes such as composting, aiming at the production of an organic fertilizer and after being discarded of the filters, thus contributing to the reduction of problems related to the incorrect disposal of waste organic solids in the environment. The objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of organic filters, using sugarcane bagasse, wood sawdust, corncobs and compost in the treatment of swine wastewater (ARS) . The objective of this study was to investigate the efficiency of the composting method as an alternative for the stabilization of the filter medium, in order to use the substrate produced as organic fertilizer in agriculture. The experiments will be conducted in the Department of Soils, Institute of Agronomy, Department of Soils of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Campus Seropédica-RJ. The methodological procedures will be executed according to a sequence of well-defined steps, the first one that will count on physical, chemical and biological analyzes of the tributary and the effluent of the ARS, as well as the filter media, before and after the treatment, using organic filter of filtration and ; and the second stage aimed at evaluating the quality of the generated composite substrate produced through chemical, physical and biological analyzes. It is hoped that this study contributes as an efficient and low cost alternative with the protection of the water bodies, through d of the appropriate treatment of the residual water of the swine culture aiming at its reuse in the fertirrigation; for the development of an efficient, low cost wastewater treatment protocol using recyclable and organic materials; in proving the efficiency of the production of the compound from the recycling of the residues used as filter media in the treatment of ARS. In addition, the aim is to disseminate the use of the proposed techniques and guarantee the sustainability of swine production systems, especially in small rural properties.