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Dissertations |
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FERNANDA REIS CORDEIRO
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Pedotransfer functions for database standardization, taxonomic classification criteria and magnetic susceptibility in Amazonian Dark Earth.
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Advisor : LUCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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LUCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS
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MILTON CÉSAR COSTA CAMPOS
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WENCESLAU GERALDES TEIXEIRA
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Data: Feb 13, 2020
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Show Abstract
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In the Amazon, the soils known as Amazonian Dark Earth (ADE) have as distinctive features the dark colors and high natural fertility. These soils result from the prehistoric human intervention of pre-Columbian cultures, which in their occupation deposited ceramic and lithic artifacts, coal, food, and bone remains. Over the years, the deposition of this materials led to the development of characteristics different from the non-anthropogenic Amazonian soils, such as the high values of pH, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, carbon stock; high cation exchange capacity and base saturation, and thick A horizons, among others. These characteristics, coupled with the high stability and reactivity of organic matter, induce the high fertility of ADE, which enticed the interest of soil scientists for morphological, physical, and chemical studies of these soils. The ADE has a superficial diagnostic horizon identified as A antrópico according to the Brazilian Soil Classification System (SiBCS, SANTOS et al., 2018). In the international system of soil classification, the World Reference Base for Soil Resource (IUSS WORKING GROUP WRB, 2014), the Amazonian Dark Earth (ADE) are identified by the pretic diagnostic surface horizon. However, the current quantitative criteria for the anthropic horizon (SiBCS) and the pretic horizon (WRB) failed to classify 50% of the profiles considered as ADE, which were compiled from studies in the Amazon region for this work. Another issue is that the profile data in the evaluated works presented inconsistencies in the chemical attribute units, due to the adoption of different laboratory methods. The different units may influence the decisions about the limits of quantitative criteria, mainly for the phosphorus and calcium plus magnesium contents, but no factors were found in the literature that allowed the conversion of these units. Therefore, at first, pedotransfer functions were developed to perform such conversions and to harmonize the chemical database, converting the different units used in the compiled studies. Subsequently, the data were evaluated, and quantitative taxonomic criteria were proposed for the SiBCS Anthropic horizons and for the WRB pretic horizon. The soils profiles reclassification, according to the proposed criteria, shows that 84% of the profiles were included as A antrópico and pretic horizon, respectively in SiBCS and WRB. Additionally, 81% of the profiles were classified as Anthrosols in the WRB, according to the new criteria. Another aspect mentioned in the literature about ADEs is the high magnetic susceptibility (MS), which is related to changes in the structure of the soil minerals caused by heating when fire (burning, bonfires) is used during human occupations. MS can be quickly analyzed through the use of proximal sensors, thus resulting in another way to identify pre-historic human occupation sites. Thus, in this preliminary study, the MS was measured in soil samples from profiles in the Experimental Research Field of Caldeirão, Iranduba municipality, Amazonas State. The soil profiles were identified as anthropic and non-anthropic, where all anthropic samples showed high MS values; and the MS correlated well with other soil attributes.
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JEAN FELIX LOUBAK
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Productive potential of different elephant grass genotypes (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) for use as an alternative energy source
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Advisor : SEGUNDO SACRAMENTO URQUIAGA CABALLERO
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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ADELSON PAULO DE ARAUJO
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EDNALDO DA SILVA ARAÚJO
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SEGUNDO SACRAMENTO URQUIAGA CABALLERO
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Data: Feb 19, 2020
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Show Abstract
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The production of alternative energetic material through vegetable biomass today represents one of the major challenges for research, since the continued rampant burning of oil, in addition to being finite, contributes to the greenhouse effect. As the burning of biomass only recycles CO2, everything indicates that, in the long run, this will be one of the safest energy alternatives. Elephant grass is generally a plant highly responsive to nitrogen fertilizer and all studies carried out on it so far have only aimed at enriching this forage in protein, through nitrogen fertilization. However, aiming at energy production through elephant grass biomass, it is no longer a plant rich in protein, but a plant rich in fiber and lignin, combined with high biomass production. The low energy cost is essential to achieve this objective, and due to the high cost of production and transportation of synthetic fertilizers widely applied in elephant grass culture, the use of other sources with low or zero energy cost is of great value. In this way, the use of ash from biomass burning presents itself as a promising source, especially of potassium. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the productive potential of several elephant grass genotypes without the application of nitrogen fertilizer, aiming at favoring the BFN process, in addition to assessing the potential for using ash from burning biomass as a source of nutrients. Three different studies were set up for this assessment. Being a field evaluation with five different genotypes in two different soil classes, Argisol and Planossol, in order to evaluate, mainly the biomass production and the contribution of N derived from the BFN process. An experiment was also carried out in a concrete tank with ten different genotypes seeking to evaluate the same requirements as the previous experiment. In both studies, the 15N natural abundance technique was used to quantify the N derived from BFN. In addition to a new field study seeking to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of ash from burning biomass in the supply of potassium for the cultivation of elephant grass. In long-term studies conducted in the field, genotypes such as Camerron and CNPGL F06-3 stood out in the dry biomass production after 15 years of cultivation, reaching the production of approximately 25 Mg.ha-1 in the year, reaching more than 70% of the N derived from BNF. The genotypes King Grass, Pasto Panamá and CNPGL 92-79-2 showed high biomass productivity, reaching over the mark of 30 Mg.ha-1 in the year, when grown in a concrete tank, 80% of this biomass referring to stems. In addition, ash from biomass burning proved to be effective in supplying potassium for the cultivation of elephant grass, requiring a long period for mineralization and availability of this nutrient for plants. It can be concluded at the end of these studies that it is possible to obtain high production of dry biomass of elephant grass for energy purposes, without using N fertilizer, combined with the FBN process. In addition, it is possible to supply K for the cultivation of elephant grass, through the application of ash from the burning of biomass.
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OCTÁVIO VIORATTI TELLES DE MOURA
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STRUCTURE OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER IN A CAMBISOL AND A CHERNOSOL FROM THE STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO-BRAZIL
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Advisor : ANDRES CALDERIN GARCIA
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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ANDRES CALDERIN GARCIA
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MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
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ADEMIR FONTANA
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Data: Feb 19, 2020
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Show Abstract
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The humification process of soil organic matter (SOM) is possibly one of the research themes of major controversies in soil sciences. Especially in tropical soils, where humic substances (SH) regulate most phenomena, the organic carbon stock and incorporation is highly dependent on its structural quality. Mechanisms of carbon stabilization occur to a great extent through the organo-mineral interactions between the molecules that are deposited and the mineralogy or texture present in soil. Understanding and explaining the organo mineral interactions in the soil allows the understanding of the HS formation in soil and therefore, the process humification. The present work aimed to structurally characterize the MOS, specifically the fraction of HA formed in soils with different texture and different degree of pedogenetic evolution (Cambisol and Chernosol), applying spectroscopic techniques combined with chemometric data analysis. For this, humic acids (HA) were extracted from a Cambisol and a Chernosol from the state of Rio de Janeiro. The HA were then characterized using spectroscopic techniques (UV-vis, ATR-FTIR and 13C NMR CP / MAS). Chemometric analyzes were applied to spectral data such as: PCA-UV / vis; PCA-ATR / FTIR and PCA-13C NMR CP / MAS, descriptive analysis, test of means and multivariate curve resolution -MCR. The results show that the HA extracted from Cambisol and Chernosol are structurally different. HA from have a lower E4/E6 ratio than Chernosolo. The functional groups obtained by ATR-FTIR show that the predominance of the -CH groups belonging to -CH2 and -CH3 and hydroxyls (-OH) while those in HA from Chernosol, those with predominate of aromatic C=C groups. Cambisol HA are mainly composed of CAquil-H,R (32%) and -C=O (6.36%) structures, while HA extracted from Chernossolo have a higher amount of CAlkyl, N,O (12%), CAlkyl-O (13%) and CAromatico-H,R (18%). These characteristics generate aliphatic and more hydrophobic properties in HA from Cambisol than those present in the HA from Chernossolo. The mechanisms for stabilizing organic carbon in Cambisol occur through hydrophobic interactions, whereas the presence of clays in the Chernossol, including 2: 1, provides other interaction sites that enable the stabilization of protein compounds. The richness of SOMS structures in the Chernosol can provide nutritional conditions for the presence of a greater amount of microorganism and, as a consequence, a greater number of nematodes. The structural characterization of the HA combined with aquimiometrics is a methodology that allows to study the process of humification in soils.
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4
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JULIA BARRA NETTO- FERREIRA
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ORGANOMINERAL COMPOUND FERTILIZERS: STRATEGY TO INCREASE EFFICIENCY IN THE USE OF NUTRIENTS IN SANDY SOILS
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Advisor : EVERALDO ZONTA
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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EVERALDO ZONTA
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NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
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ALAN HENRIQUE MARQUES DE ABREU
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Data: Feb 20, 2020
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Show Abstract
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The present study aimed to provide a scientific basis for the use of organic residues from a sewage treatment plant, enriched with phosphorus and potassium as an organomineral fertilizer (FOM) in agriculture, identifying the best proportion of nutrients to be adopted for cultivation in systems organic. For that, the specific objectives were the elaboration of the FOMs containing in their composition P and K; testing in laboratory conditions of FOMs, in contrast to the use of constituent fertilizers in isolation, regarding the dynamics of release and losses by leaching of N, P and K from FOMs; evaluation, in a greenhouse, of the corn response, as a test plant, regarding the application of the selected FOMs in the laboratory; evaluation of the residual effect of applying the FOMs to the soil after cultivation.
The present work is organized in two chapters. In chapter 1, entitled “Formulation and granulation of organomineral fertilizer and evaluation of fertilizer efficiency”, the sources used for the production of the compound FOM, as well as the formulations from these were characterized. The dynamics of nutrient release considering the particularities of organic fertilizers, as well as the effect of the use of FOM on the loss of nutrients by leaching were also evaluated. In Chapter 2, entitled “Agronomic efficiency of compound organomineral fertilizers from permitted sources for organic agriculture”, the agronomic performance test of FOMs and the effect of their application on the dynamics of nutrients in the soil is presented.
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5
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LUIZ ALBERTO DA SILVA RODRIGUES PINTO
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Organic matter and Edaphic attributes of aggregates in no-tillage areas in the Cerrado mineiro.
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Advisor : MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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ERICA SOUTO ABREU LIMA
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MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
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THADEU RODRIGUES DE MELO
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Data: Feb 20, 2020
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Show Abstract
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Measuring the impact of change in land use and management over time has been evaluated using soil quality indicators. Among them, aggregation (stability, genesis and/or formation pathways) and soil organic matter (SOM) (accumulation, protection and/or origin) stand out, always highlighting the close correlation that exists between them. The present stuy was divided into 2 chapters with different objectives: Chapter I, to evaluate physical and chemical attributes, pathways formation and organic carbon levels and forms in aggregates of areas under direct no till system (SPD), conventional planting system (SPC) and Cerrado area (AC); and Chapter II, to evaluate the different fractions of SOM in psychogenic and biogenic aggregates in areas of SPD with 6 and 18 years of age (SPD6 and SPD18) of installation under different plant cover in the Cerrado of Minas Gerais, Uberaba. In Chapter I, three managed areas (management systems) and a reference area without anthropic action were evaluated, totaling four different sample areas: SPD with 6 years (SPD6), SPD with 18 years (SPD18), SPC with 20 years (SPC20) and a Cerrado area (AC). For Chapter II, two areas managed under SPD with different adoptions times and plant coverings and a reference area were evaluated, configuring seven sample areas: SPD6, millet (SPD6MI); SPD6, brachiaria (SPD6BR); SPD6, crotalaria (SPD6CR); SPD18, millet (SPD18MI); SPD18, brachiaria (SPD18BR); SPD18, crotalaria (SPD18CR); and Cerrado area (AC). In each sample area five pseudopetitions were collected in 0.00-0.05 and 0.05-0.10 m depth entirely randomized delineation. After collection the samples were air-dried and later submitted to screening using a set of 9.7 and 8.0 mm mesh sieves, being selected only the aggregates retained in this interval. In these, the percentage of each type of aggregate was quantified from their identification and separation into physiogenic and biogenic. Subsequently, total organic carbon (TOC) and soil organic matter fractionation (SOM) analyses were performed: chemical (C-FAF, C-FAH and C-FHUM), particle physics (COP and COAM) and densimetric physics (CFLL). Among the management systems, the first chapter concludes that the biogenic aggregates contributed more effectively in the protection and stabilization of MOS, mainly of the most labile fractions (COP and CFLL), reducing their decomposition rates and increasing the potential for soil carbon sequestration. In the second chapter the biogenic aggregation presented higher protection, stabilization and accumulation capacity of both the most labile fractions (COP and CFLL) and the most stable (C-FAH, C-FHUM and COAM) of MOS. The results of MOS among the formation pathways were more influenced by the time of adoption of SPDs and their plant cover, than of the different soil management systems.
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MELANIA MERLO ZIVIANI
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Stocks and Stabilization Mechanisms of C and N in Urucu Soils, Central Amazon Region.
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Advisor : ERIKA FLAVIA MACHADO PINHEIRO
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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ERIKA FLAVIA MACHADO PINHEIRO
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MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
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DAVID VILAS BOAS DE CAMPOS
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Data: Feb 27, 2020
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Show Abstract
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The stabilization of carbon in soils is governed by the following mechanisms: recalcitrance of organic material, physical protection that occurs during the formation of aggregates and chemical protection that is related to the formation of organo-mineral complexes. The general objective of the work was to evaluate the C and N stock in soils in the Urucu region, Central Amazonia. The objective of the work is also to contribute to an understanding of the relationship between the relief factor (represented by soil drainage) and vegetation in C and N reserves in soils in this region, as well as to elucidate the main mechanisms responsible for carbon stabilization in these soils. The stocks of C and N were calculated and the chemical and physical attributes of thirty-five soil profiles of the region of Urucu, Central Amazonia were evaluated. Physical fractionation of organic matter was carried out in ten soil profiles representative of the region, under different drainage and vegetation conditions. Carbon stocks ranged from 33.0 to 230.3 Mg ha-1 and N stocks ranged from 13.0 to 44.2 Mg ha-1. The factors responsible for the accumulation of organic matter in soils were relief (influencing drainage) and vegetation. The contribution of MOS, measured by the entry of light fraction, was distinct in the three positions of the relief (on dry land, terraces and fluvial plains). In places of good drainage (terra firma) the general averages of FLL and FLI were 141.9 g kg-1 of soil and 22.0 g kg-1 of soil, respectively. In places of poor drainage (fluvial plains) the average FLL and FLI observed were 136.4 g kg-1 of soil, 34.8 g kg-1 of soil, respectively. And in terraces (imperfect drainage) the highest averages of 827.4 g kg-1 of FLL soil and 55.8 g kg-1 of FLI soil were observed. These contributions are directly related to the factors that influence the permanence of organic material in the soil, such as relief and vegetation type. The levels of clay and light fractions of organic matter had a high relationship with the stocks of C and N. On the contrary, the contents of sand and silt and the ratio C / N showed an inverse relationship with the stocks of C and N. By analyzing the dendrogram, soil classes were grouped according to drainage (well, imperfectly and poorly drained). The highest contents of C and N stocks were observed in imperfectly drained soils, followed by well drained soils and lastly in poorly drained soils.
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HUGO MACHADO RODRIGUES
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Fast and accurate soil ECa maps for EM38-MK2 survey: optimizing transect spacing, sample density and outpout spatial resolution
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Advisor : MARCOS BACIS CEDDIA
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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MARCOS BACIS CEDDIA
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HELENA SARAIVA KOENOW PINHEIRO
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RONALDO PEREIRA DE OLIVEIRA
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Data: Feb 28, 2020
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Show Abstract
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Establishing a sample design plan is one of the most important stages for detailed soil recognition and is a challenge for geostatistical interpolators, such as kriging, to be used in computerized support and decision support systems, due to the high processing time required. This study aimed to evaluate four levels of spacing (40, 80, 150 and 300m) between apparent electrical conductivity (CEa) data collection lines with the Geonics EM38-MK2 sensor, in an area of 72ha under irrigation pivot , located in the municipality of Itaí, São Paulo. To assess the effect of the distance between the lines in the uncertainties of the CEa maps produced by ordinary kriging, the root mean square error index (REQM) was used and the spacing levels were associated with seven spatial resolutions for mapping (100 , 80, 50, 30, 20, 10 and 5m), in order to identify the shortest machine time for the interpolation of each map via microbenchmark. The maps that used resolutions 100, 80 and 50m for the four spacing levels did not demonstrate compatibility with the extension of the study area, since they made the interpretation of the spatial variability of CEa unfeasible. The 5m resolution map with 40m spaced data took 17 minutes to execute and had the lowest REQM among all the evaluated maps, 0.47. The time associated with excess precision for precision agriculture operations has shown that 5m is an inadequate resolution. Thus, the remaining resolutions to choose from were 30, 20 and 10m, observing that the REQM values increase as the data lines are spaced and, as the resolution is refined, the REQM values decrease by spacing level, being 1.09 the lowest value found for 80m of spacing and 10m resolution. To reduce the time of 77s required for making the map, using the combination of the data set with 80m spacing and the resolution of 10m, 25, 50, 75 and 95% of the points were randomly removed. The REQM value for the map with 25% removal was 1.09, and the time for producing the map was reduced to 42s. The maps with the data removed in 50 and 75% presented REQM 1.21, and the times were 20 and 4.9 seconds, respectively. When producing the map with the data removed in 95% of the points, the time did not exceed 1s, however, the REQM of 1.54 presents greater uncertainties when using spacing between lines of 150m. Therefore, the sample design containing 512 points, referring to the set with 75% of data removed from the 80m spacing, produced a map with a 10m spatial resolution. In this way, it allowed the detailed recognition of the CEa variability with REQM 1.21 and processing time less than 10s
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GUSTAVO SOUZA LIMA SANT'ANNA
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Bacterial diversity in soils cultivated with cover crops under no-tillage and conventional tillage in the organic production unit
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Advisor : IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
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NIVALDO SCHULTZ
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MARCIA REED RODRIGUES COELHO
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Data: Apr 17, 2020
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Show Abstract
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No-Tillage (NT) has been adopted as an alternative to the conventional Tillage (CT) for a betteragro-ecosystem conservation. In this context, cover crops are essential for the production of litter and release of nutrients in the soil, which directly influences microbial populations. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the bacterial diversity of soils under CT and NT with different cover plants in an organic production unit in Seropedica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Experiment I was conducted in a randomized block design with 2 plots (CT and NT) with 4 replications. The black oats were sown in a total area and, when the flowering was reached, the oats were incorporated or maintained on the soil surface. Then corn was sown in all plots. Soil sampleswerecollected in the initial time, after black oats cultivation and after corn harvest at a depth of 0-5 cm. The Experiment II was conducted sequentially in a factorial design (2 x 6) with subdivided plots, with 2 plots of CT and NT, 6 subplots with cover crops:pearl millet, sunn hemp, jack bean, cocktail 1 and cocktail 2, using 100 and 50 % of the recommended amount of seeds for each species, respectively, and spontaneous plants, and 4 repetitions. Soil samples were collected after cultivation of cover plants at a depth of 0-5 cm. The chemical characterization and soil DNA extraction was carried out for sequencing the Bacteria rrs gene. In experiment I, between the initial characterization and corn in CT and NT, an increase in the phosphorus content and a decrease in carbon, an increase in the diversity indexes and a change in the bacterial composition was observed, mainly in relation to the phylum candidate division WPS-1 which had an increased relative abundance and the Micrococcaceae family which showed a decrease in its relative abundance after conversion to agricultural area. After corn harvest, potassium was higher in CT and unclassified families of the class Spartobacteria and Chitinophagaceae were more abundant in NT. In experiment II, the different cover crops did not promote changes in the chemical attributes of the soil. The spontaneous plants promoted an increase in microbial diversity in relation to sunn hemp. Jack beans and cocktails 1 and 2 promoted higher relative abundance of the Sphingomonadaceae and Bradyrhyzobiacae families, while spontaneous plants resulted in a higher relative abundance of unclassified bacteria and the Planctomycetaceae family. The NT in relation to the CT showed higher levels of organic carbon and phosphorus, and there was change in the bacterial community with an increase in the relative abundance of Spartobacteria unclassified families and Flavobacteriaceae and a decrease in the relative abundance of Gaiellaceae and Gemmatimonadaceae families. It is expected the effects of the different cover crops in CT and NT on the physical-chemical characteristics and on the bacterial communities of the soils will be more evidentin the next cycles, since, until now, their effects have been evaluated after cultivation.
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ADEMIR JUNIOR FORNACIARI
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Feasibility Assessment of the Reuse of Agricultural Waste for the production of Pleorotus ostreatus in Governador Lindenberg-ES
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Advisor : RICARDO LUIZ LOURO BERBARA
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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RICARDO LUIZ LOURO BERBARA
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DOUGLAS SIQUEIRA DE ALMEIDA CHAVES
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SANDY SAMPAIO VIDEIRA
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Data: Jul 10, 2020
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Show Abstract
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The fungi are important in several environments. Being primary degraders responsible for nutrient cycling in the forest ecosystems. The food industry has a very important role and a production of edible mushrooms, as a product on the rise in the country due to its growing consumption. For the commercial cultivation of mushrooms, it is necessary in addition to knowledge about favorable climatic conditions for their development, being necessary to search for substrates that favor the best development of the fungus, obtaining better biological efficiency. Therefore, edible mushrooms can grow in different lignocellulosic residues. Given the above, mitigating to reuse agricultural waste from the State of Espírito Santo the aim of this study this type of research on formulations of efficient substrates, reusing agricultural research waste in the city of Governor Lindenberg - ES. In addition to evaluating the production parameters or the present study, the antioxidant activity of mushrooms from food is applied to coffee husks, coconut husks, cocoa husks, cane bagasse and elephant grass control. Therefore, the substrate contains sugarcane bagasse that presents the best result of biological efficiency, followed by coconut shell and elephant grass. The substrate containing coffee husks and cocoa husks did not undergo fruiting, with higher percentages of contamination. Regarding the total amount of radical DPP, the substrates containing elephant grass stood out, followed by coconut husks and sugarcane bagasse. In relation to total phenolics, the concentration of total phenolic content was higher in mushrooms grown in coconut shell and cane bagasse in relation to elephant grass. In view of the study of reuse of agricultural residues, an economic viability project was carried out that allows the opening of an edible mushroom production company in Espírito Santo with the use of agricultural foods. The project submitted to the first Sinapse da Inovação program was approved and from it appeared Pé da Serra company specialized in the production of edible mushrooms. The reuse of agricultural waste appears as an opportunity for income diversification for farmers in the region.
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HUGO FELIPE VIANNA FIGUEIRA
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Lead and copper sorption in wastes from the extraction of humic substances from the poultry litter
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Advisor : NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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FABIANA SOARES DOS SANTOS
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FARLEY ALEXANDRE DA FONSECA BREDA
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NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
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Data: Aug 13, 2020
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Show Abstract
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Due to anthropic actions, high concentrations of heavy metals are being found in the environment on a recurring basis, causing toxicity in living beings, contaminating surface and subsurface waters, soil, atmosphere and foods. Containment or chemical immobilization is a technique that aims to remove metals from the solution of the soil and aquatic media. The general objective of this work was to evaluate the waste potential of humic substances (SH) extraction from composted litter as a biosorbent of Pb and Cu and the influence of the composting time on the sorption of these two metals. For this purpose, its lead and copper sorption capacity was evaluated at different composting times. The waste was collected at different times of composting (30, 60, 90 and 120 days) from poultry litter, from the poultry pole of São José do Vale do Rio Preto - RJ. To characterize the organic structure of the waste, at different times of composting, the 13C-NMR spectroscopy technique was performed. The total content of heavy metals in the different composting times was also determined. For the Pb and Cu adsorption test, the laboratory Batch Method was used. The most appropriate isotherm model to describe the sorption of these metals, in the studied wastes, was determined using the IsoFit program. To compare the isotherm models, the determination coefficient (R2), the Akaike criterion (AIC), corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc), Akaike variation (ΔAICc) and the Akaike criterion weighting (AICw) were used as criteria. The model selected in general to describe the adsorption of Pb in the waste was the linear model and the model selected to describe the adsorption of Cu was Langmuir. For all composting times, there was a predominance of specific adsorption for lead and copper, in addition to an increase in recalcitrant structures and a decrease in aliphatic groups within 120 days of composting. By the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) it was possible to verify the preference of copper for more aromatic and stable chains, mainly, in the time of 120 days, however the lead shows affinity for more aliphatic chains and for the waste obtained at 90 days of composting.
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CAMILLA SANTOS REIS DE ANDRADE DA SILVA
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Soil quality of a no-tillage vegetable system, under organic production in Seropédica (RJ)
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Advisor : ERIKA FLAVIA MACHADO PINHEIRO
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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ERIKA FLAVIA MACHADO PINHEIRO
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MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
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BEATA EMOKE MADARI
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Data: Oct 21, 2020
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Show Abstract
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Conservation management techniques promote the recovery of the productive potential of the soil and enable the sustainable management of this natural resource. These techniques present approaches equivalent to the principles of organic production systems. It is believed that no-tillage, by maintaining vegetation cover, reducing soil disturbance and prioritizing soil conservation, constitutes a strategic tool to enhance sustainability in the organic cultivation of vegetables. The general objective of the work was to evaluate the effect of direct planting of vegetables on soil attributes in organic production systems, in a Red-Yellow Argisol in Seropédica (RJ). The study was conducted at SIPA-Integrated System of Agroecological Production, better known as Fazendinha Agroecológica Km 47, located in Seropédica-RJ. Three organic management systems were evaluated: a) no-till system (PD) using straw shredder (Triton); b) conventional tillage of the soil, using the rotary hoe (PC-ER) and; c) conventional soil preparation, using a plow and two harrows (PC-AG). The planting of the vegetables was carried out after the pre-cultivation management that refers to the intercropping of corn with legumes (pork beans, crotalaria and mucuna). The experimental design used was a randomized block with three treatments and four replications. Vegetable productivity was assessed over five agricultural years. The deformed and undisturbed soil samples, in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm layers, were collected in 2018, four years after the implementation of the experiment, for the evaluation of the following soil attributes: granulometry, aggregation and organic carbon content in aggregates, soil density, particle density, total porosity, resistance to penetration, gravimetric moisture, light fraction of organic matter, soil fertility, total organic carbon and edaphic macrofauna. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the means of soil management treatments for most of the evaluated physical attributes. One of the attributes that showed a statistical difference was the resistance to soil penetration at a depth of 0-25 cm. The PC-AG treatment showed less resistance than the PD and the PC-ER. This lower resistance to penetration in the PC-AG treatment is conditioned by the effect of the recent soil turning (approximately one month) in the experimental area. Regarding chemical and biological attributes, the carbon content in the soil aggregates, the free light fraction and the soil fauna were sensitive to management practices. The first two attributes were superior in the PC-ER in the 0-5 cm layer. The PD treatment favored the higher density and richness of the soil fauna groups, which is considered an important biological indicator of soil quality. Four years after the implementation of treatments, the different agricultural practices of organic soil management, in addition to providing levels equal to the adequate national average for the productivity of vegetables, also favored the maintenance of soil fertility and physical quality.
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OTAVIO AUGUSTO QUEIROZ DOS SANTOS
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Impact of agricultural management in Histosols in the state of Rio de Janeiro.
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Advisor : MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
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ARCANGELO LOSS
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JOLIMAR ANTONIO SCHIAVO
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Data: Oct 26, 2020
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Show Abstract
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Histosols are soils with high levels of organic matter and responsible for storing carbon and nitrogen, important in the formation of greenhouse gases (GHG). Proper management preserves organic matter and, consequently, mitigates GHG production. The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in the properties of Histosols; content of organic matter and sulfate, stocks of C and N, availability and content of the fractions of P, depending on the soil turning and artificial drainage. For this study, three areas were selected: secondary forest in natural regeneration, conventional cultivation of cassava (Manihot sculenta) and intercropped coconut (Cocos nucifera) with cassava, in which profiles were opened and description and sample collection were carried out. Chemical characterization, von Post scale of decomposition of organic matter, percentage of rubbed fiber, organic matter content, percentage of mineral material, soil density, electrical conductivity, soluble sulfate, total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (NT), chemical fractionation of organic matter and C and N stocks and sequential fractionation of P. The results of chapter I show that the values of COT and NT decreased 33 and 20%, respectively, in the histic horizon in the area with cassava cultivation. In the area of coconut intercropped with manioc, the TOC and NT values decreased by 31 and 18%, respectively, in the histic horizon. There were also losses of labile organic carbon and development of the sulfidization process. The results of Chapter II show that in the cassava cultivation area there was a reduction in the total P content of the soil in subsurface by 35.6 and 37.9%, when compared to the coconut cultivation area intercropped with cassava and with the area of forest, respectively. In all areas there was a predominance of the fraction of highly recalcitrant residual P (> 70%) in the total P content of the soil. The available P content was reduced only in the cassava cultivation area. Soil drainage and turnover reduced the stocks of C and N in the soil and also, in the P adsorption and mineralization processes, affecting all of its inorganic fractions.
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13
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DIEINI MELISSA TELES DOS SANTOS
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Inoculation of mung beans (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) with commercial strains of Bradyrhizobium: grain yeld evaluation in the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes - RJ
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Advisor : GUSTAVO RIBEIRO XAVIER
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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ADELSON PAULO DE ARAUJO
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NORMA GOUVÊA RUMJANEK
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SEGUNDO SACRAMENTO URQUIAGA CABALLERO
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Data: Oct 30, 2020
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Show Abstract
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Mung beans (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), originally from India, are part of the dietary base of several tropical and subtropical countries due to their high protein value, characterizing a high quality pulse and can be an alternative for the diversification of grain-producing legumes in Brazil. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of inoculation of mung bean seeds with Bradyrhizobium strains registered for cowpea (V. unguiculata (L.) Walp), soybean (Glycine max L.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on grain yield. A trial under axenic conditions was previously installed in a greenhouse at Embrapa Agrobiologia, Seropédica-RJ, for the selection of efficient strains for mung beans, with twelve treatments (4 strains from cowpea, 4 from soybean, 3 from common bean and an uninoculated control). The variables analyzed were: number of nodules (NN), accumulated dry mass of nodules (NDM), root (RDM) and shoot (SDM). Three cowpea strains (BR 3301, BR 3302 and BR 3267) and one soybean strain (BR 96) were able to form nodules in mung beans and promote biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Simultaneously, a test was performed with increasing levels of N, aiming at determining the optimal dose to be applied under field conditions as a positive control. From the results obtained for the analyzed variables (RDM and SDM), an optimal dose of 240 kg of N ha-1 was estimated. A trial with six treatments (4 selected strains, uninoculated control and application of 240 kg of N ha-1) and four replications was installed in the UFRRJ experimental field, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ. The variables analyzed were: NN, NDM, RDM, SDM, accumulated N and N content in the aerial part and grain yield. The variables associated with BNF determined by the 15N natural abundance technique were also evaluated: N content derived from BNF, atmospheric N accumulated (Ndfa) and nodular efficiency (Ndfa NN-1). Yield of mung bean grains inoculated with strain BR 3302 was about 18% more than the non-inoculated control and did not differ significantly from the treatment that received 240 kg N ha-1. However, as BNF contribution by BR 3302 strain was similar to the control, the yield increase resulted mainly from soil N, suggesting that this strain has other promoting plant growth characteristics in addition to BNF. Under the experimental conditions characterized by a naturalized bacterial community capable of providing around 40% of the N for the crop, in addition to the presence of available N in the soil, BR 3302 through growth promotion activity provided 1834 kg of grains ha-1 derived from soil N and 1003 kg of grains ha-1 derived from BNF. The versatility of BR 3302 strain may indicate an adaptive potential capable to meet the demand of mung bean crop under different edaphic and climatic conditions.
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14
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NIRIELE BRUNO RODRIGUES
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Establishment of Heavy Metal Quality Reference Values and Digital Mapping of Soil Chemical and Physical Attributes of the North and Northwest Fluminense, RJ.
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Advisor : NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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FERNANDA ARAÚJO DOS SANTOS
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HELENA SARAIVA KOENOW PINHEIRO
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NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
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Data: Nov 26, 2020
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Show Abstract
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The demand for information about the soil resource, especially the contamination by heavy metals of agroecosystems has increased in recent decades as a result of the massive use of agrochemicals and animal production waste, which has caused the accumulation and transfer of toxic metals to food, restricting soil ecosystem services and offering risks to human health. The North and Northwest regions have great socioeconomic relevance in the agricultural sector and in the oil activity. It presents heterogeneous physiographic characteristics, demanding support information for soil management and conservation for sustainable agricultural production. Thus, in search of reference values for heavy metals, associated with the elucidation of mechanisms and the spatial distribution of chemical and physical attributes in soils of dynamic and heterogeneous environments, this research aimed to establish reference values for soil quality for heavy metals: As; Pb; Cd; Ni; Cu; Co; Ba; Cr; Zn; Mn, and Al, and to spatialize the contents of these metals associated to environmental covariables, from the North and Northwest regions of the State of Rio de Janeiro. For the methodological procedures of Chapter I, the use of descriptive statistics associated with the technique of digital soil mapping was adopted, with the help of the software RStudio (3.6.1), Saga GIS (2.1.2) and Quantum Gis (v. 3.4). For terrain morphometric variables, MDE-HC and Landsat 8 sensor data were used, totaling 21 predictor environmental covariables with spatial resolution of 90 m. For the sampling procedure, the Latin Conditioned Hypercube (cLHS) method was used, collecting samples in areas with low or no anthropic activity. We used data only from the superficial layer (0- 20 cm), in 97 sample points. For the prediction of chemical and physical attributes the Random Forest (RF) model was adopted, implemented via RStudio. The results indicated that for the mean quadratic error parameter (RMSE) a variation between 1.32-8571.34 was obtained, so the data set also showed significant changes. In chapter II, the results obtained via the VarImport ranking found that, in comparison with the Landsat-8 image index, the covariates from MDE-HC obtained a better performance to predict soil attributes. The coefficient of determination (R²) of the models of heavy metals and soil texture varied between 0.22-0.87, Pb (0.55), Ni (0.62), Co (0.66), Mn (0.73), Cu (0.74), Al (0.77) and Zn ( 0.77) and As (0.86) considered strong. Regarding the granulometric fraction, the variability of clay (0.87), sand (0.84) and silt (0.85) is classified as strong, showing different patterns of variability and use of similar predictive covariates. For chapter 2, the same sample mesh of 97 points was also used, considering 2 depths (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm), totaling 194 soil samples. For the determination of the heavy metal pseudo total contents, the 3051A (USEPA) method was used, and the extract readings were performed by ICP-OES. For the statistical treatment, the technique of multivariate statistics was used to establish the reference values of soil quality. The samples were grouped in 3 groups those of group 1 (G1) with the highest reference values and those of group 3 (G3) with the lowest. The results obtained were satisfactory through the integration of geochemistry with spatial analysis, contributing to fill the scientific gap about the VRQS for the North and Northwest regions of Rio de Janeiro, thus corroborating as support for environmental legislation in the state of Rio de Janeiro, and also for the knowledge and understanding of the natural levels of heavy metals associated with spatial variability and their interaction with soil properties.
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15
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LORRAINE CRISTINA HENRIQUE ALMEIDA
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Thermo-biochemical control of rickets in the stalk of pre-sprouted sugarcane seedlings.
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Advisor : VERONICA MASSENA REIS
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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JEAN LUIZ SIMÔES DE ARAÚJO
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LEANDRO AZEVEDO SANTOS
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NIVALDO SCHULTZ
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VERONICA MASSENA REIS
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Data: Dec 18, 2020
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Show Abstract
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In the culture of sugarcane, heat treatment is used to control an important disease, Raquitismo da Soqueira, caused by the pathogenic bacteria Leifsoniaxyli subsp. Xyl (Lxx). To reduce the inoculum of such a pathogen in the production of pre-sprouted seedlings, heat treatment is used in the mini-jackets with water at 52 ° C for 30 min. However, studies show that such treatment has leaks that serve as a source of inoculum. Among the beneficial effects of plant growth-promoting bacteria, BPC’s, it is believed that the disease-suppressing effect may assist in the biocontrol of Leifsoniaxyli subsp. Xyli for competing for colonization sites, since both colonize xylem vessels. The objective of the present work was to improve the thermal treatment with the addition of chemical additive to the 52 ° C treatment, together with the inoculation with plant growth promoting bacteria, which allows greater efficiency in the control of Lxx, little interference in sprouting and less time of thermotherapy and evaluate: sprouting speed index (IVB), survival of diazotrophic bacteria by the Most Probable Number Method (NMP), biological N2 fixation by the acetylene reduction technique (ARA) and quantify the effect of the treatments used in the control of Lxx through qPCR under the hypothesis that thermotherapy with reduced time and with chemical additive using 2% acetic acid may favor the initial establishment of diazotrophic bacteria used as a sugarcane inoculant and have a biocontrol effect on the causative pathogen of rickets of the brass knuckle. The treatments used were: Heat treatments with water at 52 ° C for 30 "; acetic acid solution 2%; without heat treatment or additive (control); Uninoculated treatment (control); inoculated with the mixture of 5 strains Nitrospirillum amazonense, Herbaspirillum seropedicae, Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans, Paraburkholderia tropica, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus.
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Thesis |
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1
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ROSALBA ORTEGA FORS
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Sugarcane root fungal endophytes in the state of São Paulo, Brazil
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Advisor : RICARDO LUIZ LOURO BERBARA
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
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JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
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CAMILA MAISTRO PATREZE
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MARCO AURÉLIO CARBONE CARNEIRO
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ORIVALDO JOSE SAGGIN JUNIOR
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Data: Feb 12, 2020
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Show Abstract
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The growing world population represents a challenge to food production and, with this, to the agricultural technologies used. However, the negative effects on the environment derived from the indiscriminate use of chemical inputs in conventional agriculture are currently evident. A promising alternative lies in the application of plant growth promoting microorganisms, and development of biological inoculants. The present qualification exam, refers to the thesis entitled "Sugarcane root fungal endophytes in the state of São Paulo, Brazil". As part of the exam, the following topics will be addressed: factors determining the rhizospheric and root endophytic microbial communities, main molecular techniques used for microbial identification, methods to evaluate plant growth promotion capacity by microorganisms and potential ways to inoculate root endophytic fungi.
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2
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LEONARDO DURVAL DUARTE GUIMARAES
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Analisys of heavy metal contamination and fertility in mountain agro-ecosystem soils, Mountain Region - RJ
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Advisor : NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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EDUARDO LIMA
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NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
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ERICA SOUTO ABREU LIMA
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CESAR DA SILVA CHAGAS
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WALDIR DE CARVALHO JUNIOR
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Data: Feb 17, 2020
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Show Abstract
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The present work is being carried out in two study areas, the first being the Serrana Region of the State of Rio de Janeiro, and the second agricultural area of the Micracacia of Barracão dos Mendes, Nova Friburgo - RJ. These areas are characterized by a large concentration of family farmers in the State of Rio de Janeiro, producers of vegetables to supply the Metropolitan region, making this region considered a major agricultural center. The knowledge of the natural contents of metals in soils is considered as a reference of the content in the environment, which is very interesting when studying the impacts of anthropic activities on the environment, as well as studies of contamination and soil pollution. The objective in the first area of study is to evaluate the distribution of the natural contents of heavy metals, as well as to identify which factors are influencing this distribution. And the objective in the second area of study is to evaluate the distribution of the heavy metals contents, as well as to identify which factors are influencing the enrichment of the soil with these elements. For this purpose, representative points were selected in both regions, being in the Serrana Region 62 points whose area had not suffered any or low anthropic activity of the region, to collect samples of soils at depths 0-0.2 and 0.2 to 0.4m. And in the Barracão dos Mendes Microbacia 498 points in agricultural areas. The samples were submitted to soil fertility determination and determination of total metals (Fe, Al, Mn, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn). R software was used for geostatistical analysis (ordinary kriging), as well as for the data mining methods (Random Forest, Artificial Neural Networks and Boosted Regression Trees) and the final maps of the distribution of the natural contents for the two depths will be made in ArcGIS v.10.4 software. It is expected that with the interpretation of the distribution maps of the metals contents in the Serrana Region of Rio de Janeiro we can indicate the influence of lithology, soils and relief in the natural contents of the studied metals. As with the interpretation of the distribution maps of the metals contents in Barracão dos Mendes Microbacia, we are able to identify the influence of antropic activity on the distribution of metals.
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3
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SHIRLEI ALMEIDA ASSUNÇÃO
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CHEMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER AND PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONS AND FORMS IN DIFFERENT SOIL USE SYSTEMS
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Advisor : MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
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BRUNO JOSÉ RODRIGUES ALVES
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ARCANGELO LOSS
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DAVID VILAS BOAS DE CAMPOS
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JOSE LUIZ RODRIGUES TORRES
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Data: Feb 18, 2020
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Show Abstract
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Due to its importance in tropical soils, organic matter becomes an important indicator of soil quality. In addition to having a direct influence on soil phosphorus (P) availability, mainly in oxide soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in the chemical and functional structure of soil organic matter (SOM) and to demonstrate how the fractions and forms of phosphorus in the soil behave in different management systems in oxidized soil. Three managed areas and one reference area (native forest) were evaluated. The three areas managed include: no-tillage system (NT), conventional tillage system (T) and permanent pasture (PP). Total organic carbon (TOC), potassium permanganate oxidizable carbon (POX), carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks, chemical and densimetric SOM fractions, 13C natural abundance, and spectroscopic characterization were quantified. using 13C NMR in humic acid (HA), remaining phosphorus, available phosphorus, total phosphorus and 31P NMR in HA, in addition to the forms of iron and aluminum oxalate and dithionite. The results showed that the area with forest (F) accumulates high amount of organic C in surface (chemical, densimetric fractions), favoring the formation of predominantly aliphatic HA. On the other hand, in the NT, despite the constant contribution of biomass to the soil, there is low incorporation of aliphatic structures in HA, indicating a higher carbon mineralization. In the PP system, the formation of HA similar to those observed in the area of F was verified. In the T, it was found less incorporation of total organic carbon (TOC), C and N stock and the formation of HA of different compositions in comparison. with the other forms of management. With these results, it is possible to state that the poorly managed and more stabilized systems in tropical climate populate the formation of HA with compositional and structural similarity independent of the carbon nature (C3 and C4). Conversely, in areas managed with or without greater carbon input, structurally different HA are observed when compared with the PP and F areas. This study opens new research possibilities where it is necessary to model experiments that provide specific answers on the relationship. between the contribution of C, the management and the formation of humic substances. Regarding the availability of P, in the area of PP management, lower crystalline forms of Fe were observed, possibly due to the higher humidity present in this area due to the soil cover. Higher levels of available P were quantified in the management area SPD and PP in all evaluated layers and higher levels of Rem-P and total P in the 0-0.05 m layers, indicating that soil non-revolving and MOS accumulation are essential. for the maintenance of P. There was no relationship between the availability of P and the soil Fe. 31P CP MAS NMR spectra HA showed predominance of organic forms of P. The management with PP favored the accumulation of P-diester. In the area of F the incorporation of sugar-like nucleotides is observed and in the management of T and NT the P-monoester structures accumulated in greater quantity. The higher cultivation intensity seems to favor the more recalcitrant organic P structures.
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4
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ELEANDRO SILVA DA CRUZ
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Initial growth of black pepper plants: substrates, irrigation regimes and biocontrol of Fusarium spp. with Trichoderma spp.
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Advisor : DANIEL FONSECA DE CARVALHO
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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DANIEL FONSECA DE CARVALHO
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EVERALDO ZONTA
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LEONARDO OLIVEIRA MEDICI
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CARLOS RODRIGUES PEREIRA
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ROBSON BONOMO
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Data: Feb 19, 2020
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Show Abstract
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The choice of suitable substrates and management techniques can be decisive for the success or failure of cultivations in pots, such as in black pepper seedlings (Piper nigrum L.). This study aimed to evaluate chemical and physical characteristics of substrates, as well as the potential of some of these in the production of black pepper seedlings, submitted to different irrigation regimes (IR). The objective was also to evaluate the growth and photosynthetic efficiency of this type of plant, using commercial products based on Trichoderma spp., With or without infection by Fusarium solani f.sp. piperis, under four IRs. For this, three experiments were carried out on different dates, all in a greenhouse, using the cultivar Bragantina. In Experiment 1 (Chapter I) six substrates obtained by mixing biosolid (BIO), vermicompost (VC), crushed coconut fiber (CF) and granite rock powder (GR), in different proportions, and a commercial substrate at sphagnum moss and vermiculite (CS) based. The formulated substrates showed water retention capacity at 10 hPa up to 70% lower, in comparison with CS. The use of BIO and GR contributes to increase the density of produced substrates. The substrate produced with 75% CF and 25% VC (v/v) has a high aeration space and low water retention capacity. The mixture of 75% BIO and 25% GR (v/v), presents high bioavailability levels of P, Ca, Fe, Zn and Cu. In Experiment 2 (Chapter II), three substrates were tested [75% BIO + 25% CF (S1); 75% BIO + 25% GR (S2); and 50% BIO + 25% GR + 25% CF (S3) ] and five IRs, referring to 36, 54, 85, 100 and 126% of the reference irrigation depth [RID (S1 + 100% RID) ]. The substrate S1 has chemical restrictions, mainly low pH, which can compromise its use for the production of black pepper seedlings, cv. Bragantina. The production of seedlings of these plants, with heights equal to or greater than 20 cm and six or more leaves, is possible with the use of S3 substrate, as long as the water supply is not less than 85% of the plants water requirement. Restriction of up to 15% of the water requirement, do not represent negative impacts on the efficiency of water use by black pepper seedlings, cv. Bragantina. In Experiment 3 (Chapter III), black pepper plants, cultivated with the substrate S3, were evaluated. At 60 days before transplantation, the substrates were treated with commercial products based on Trichoderma harzianum (TH), Trichoderma asperellum (TA) or Trichoderma stromaticum (TS), in the dosages of 2.4 x 104, 1.79 x 103 and 4.56 x 105 UFC g-1 substrate, respectively. The controls consisted of applying systemic fungicide based on Carbendazim (FG) or distilled water (TT). The inoculation with Fusarium solani f.sp. piperis (FSP) was performed at the time of transplantation, by immersing the roots in a spore suspension of the phytopathogen, while distilled water was used on control (FT). The IRs were equivalent to 41, 59, 79 and 100% of the RID (TT + FT + 100% RID), and were applied via an automated microirrigation system. The increase in IRs increases the length of the main stem and the accumulation of dry matter in young black pepper plants. The TA and TS treatments favor the growth of young black pepper plants, while TH affects this growth negatively. The photosynthetic efficiency of young black pepper plants, cv. Bragantina, is negatively affected by infection of Fusarium solani f.sp. piperis at an early stage, and by mild water stress.
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5
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RAFAEL CASSADOR MONTEIRO
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Effect of the introduction of Arachis pintoi cv. Belomonte in pastures of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandú on dairy production and nitrogen dynamics
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Advisor : ROBERT MICHAEL BODDEY
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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ROBERT MICHAEL BODDEY
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ADELSON PAULO DE ARAUJO
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ERIKA FLAVIA MACHADO PINHEIRO
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OCTAVIO COSTA DE OLIVEIRA
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DAVID VILAS BOAS DE CAMPOS
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Data: Feb 20, 2020
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Show Abstract
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The greenhouse effect is an essential natural process for life on earth. However, the concentration of the gases responsible for global warming has been increasing in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are among the most important greenhouse gases (GHG). Agriculture is the main Brazilian economic activity, however, it is the main producer of N2O, therefore, it is one of the sectors targeted for the implementation of GHG emission mitigation measures. Some of the mitigating measures for agriculture undertaken by Brazil in the Low Carbon Agriculture Plan are the recovery of degraded areas and increased biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). The recovery of degraded areas involves the use of mineral fertilizers that increase GHG emissions after being added to the soil, as well as transport and application stages, which also emit GHGs. The objective of this study was to compare the N cycle between braquiária brizantha Cv Marandú pastures fertilized with 120 kg N ha-1 year-1 (Bb + N) and intercropped with forage peanut Cv Belmonte (Bb + Ar). An experiment was installed at the Far South Experimental Station (ESSUL) of the Executive Committee of the Cacao Plantation (CEPLAC) in Itabela - BA. The adopted system was rotated with 6 days of grazing and 30 days of rest, with three repetitions. Throughout the project, milk production and quality, N2O and NH3 emissions from fertilizer and excreta, urinary and fecal production of animals, as well as N-content of excreta, as well as consumption and intake of N and legume was calculated, and N recycling from litter. N2O fluxes from each treatment were performed using closed static chambers. The first monitoring was started in July 2018 with the application of urea and excreta, and was terminated in January 2019, the following month a new application took place and was conducted until September 2019. Milk production varied over the period. Due to climatic seasonality, which directly influences the amount and quality of forage available to animals, the average production in the period was approximately 517 kg milk ha-1 for Bb + Ar, while Bb + N production was 480 kg milk ha-1. In the first application losses due to fertilizer NH3+ volatilization amounted to 1.38 kg N ha-1, which represented 1.87% of the applied urea, in the second application losses were 2.09 kg N ha-1, 2,49% of the applied urea. In the first application, losses via N2O emission represented 1.69%. The introduction of legumes in the system increased background emissions from intercropping pastures. In excreta, fecal emissions were low, however, for urine, high N2O emission occurred in the first days after application. The decomposition rate of the litter was similar between treatments and was affected with the animals entering the paddocks, the average rates were 0.092 and 0.088 g g-1 day-1, Bb + Ar and Bb + N, respectively. With the animals leaving, in the first 6 days of rest, the rates were 0.100 and 0.104 g g-1 day-1 Bb + Ar and Bb + N, respectively, with increasing rest time the decomposition rate was reduced to approximately 0.060 g g-1 day-1 in both treatments.
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6
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ANDERSON DE SOUZA GALLO
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Spatial variability of phosphorus forms in soil under conservation management in the integrated agroecological production system, Seropédica - RJ
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Advisor : EDUARDO LIMA
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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EDNALDO DA SILVA ARAÚJO
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EDUARDO LIMA
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JOSÉ DE SOUZA OLIVEIRA FILHO
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JULIANO BAHIENSE STAFANATO
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MARCOS BACIS CEDDIA
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Data: Feb 27, 2020
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Show Abstract
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Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for maintaining the life of all organisms. It is among the most important elements for plant vigor and development. However, it has a strong tendency to react with soil components, adsorbing to colloids or forming low solubility compounds with other ions, making them unavailable to plants. Thus, the adoption of large scale fertilizers is necessary to ensure wide availability of P to plants. Given this scenario, alternative management strategies to reduce dependence on P fertilizer and use it more efficiently should be employed. Thus, knowledge of the dynamics of P transformations in the soil is fundamental. Soil P is divided into two large groups, inorganic P and organic P. Organic P encompasses microbial biomass and products from decomposition of organic matter, so conservationist systems with frequent input of organic matter may favor the levels of the organic fraction of P, which after mineralization constitutes a source of P for plants. These characteristics have increased the scientific interest in accessing organic P for plant production, increasing the number of publications on organic P in the last two decades. The objective of this work was to evaluate the spatial variability of phosphorus forms in soil under conservation management. In addition, in order to evaluate the relevance of organic P in agricultural soils, a study of the structure and evolution of scientific production on organic P of soil at a global level was carried out using a bibliometric approach. To evaluate the structure and evolution of the scientific production on organic P (chapter I), searches were performed by indexed works in the Web of Science database, from 1998-2018. The bibliometric indicators determined were: (a) number of publications per year; (b) number of citations per year; (c) number of publications by authors; (d) number of publications by country and institution; (e) main journals and (f) most cited articles. To evaluate the spatial variability of phosphorus forms in soil under conservation management (chapter II). The studied area is constituted by an experimental module of organic vegetable production, located in the city of Seropédica - RJ. Soil samples were collected in 72 points of the area, with grid of points every 10 meters. Samples were taken at five depths, being 0-0.5 m; 0.5-0.10 m; 0.10-0.20 m; 0.20-0.40 m and 0.40-0.60 m. The labile, moderately labile and moderately resistant fractions of the inorganic and organic forms of P were extracted, as well as the residual P and total P (sum of all fractions). In addition, some chemical and physical soil attributes (routine fertility and particle size analyzes), as well as remaining P, pseudototal Fe content and soil moisture were determined to correlate these attributes with the distribution of P forms in the soil.
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7
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CECILIA DE SOUZA ANTONIO COTRIM
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Studies of organic sources of nitrogen in the growth and nitrogenase activity of five diazotrophic bacterial strains associated with sugarcane
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Advisor : VERONICA MASSENA REIS
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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BRUNO JOSÉ RODRIGUES ALVES
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GABRIELA CAVALCANTI ALVES
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LEANDRO AZEVEDO SANTOS
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LUC FELICIANUS MARIE ROUWS
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VERONICA MASSENA REIS
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Data: Feb 27, 2020
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Show Abstract
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The interaction between host and bacteria can be affected by several factors, such as plant genotype, bacterial species/ strain and the environmental conditions, especially the available N source and form. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from sugarcane can be used as an inoculant that promotes plant growth and in addition, can act in the biological process of atmospheric N2 fixation. But both the synthesis and the maintenance of the nitrogenase activity can be affected by the presence of nitrogen, both in the form of ammonium and nitrate ions, but also in the form of amino acids. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bacterial growth and nitrogenase activity of five strains / species of N-fixing bacteria in the presence of different sources of organic nitrogen. The studied strains were: Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus strain BR11281, Herbaspirillum seropedicae BR11335, H. rubrisubalbicans BR11504, Paraburkholderia tropica BR11366 and Nitrospirillum amazonense BR11145. First, the growth of the strains was evaluated using the modified LGI medium changing 20% of the final volume to cane juice filter-sterilized. Then, using different minimal medium with the addition of glutamate and asparagine, in concentrations of 0.0, 0.1; 2.3 and 4.5 mg L-1 and evaluating growth, final pH of the medium and nitrogenase activity. Simultaneously, two varieties of micropropagated sugarcane plants were grown in hydroponic solution for 35 days and the exudates were extracted to evaluate the composition in a CG-MS gas chromatograph. The objective was to detect changes in composition resulting from the inoculation of strains applied in mixture of five. The results showed that only BR11504 was not able to grow in the LGI-modified medium, with BR11281 having the longest generation time and BR11335 the shortest. Of the five strains, two showed acid growth, BR11281 and BR11366; and in less acidity medium, the strain BR11145. The results of adding glutamate to the LGI medium stimulated the growth of all strains, depending on the dose used. The acetylene-reducing activity, which indirectly measures nitrogenase activity, was reduced for the BR11335 strain at concentrations equal to or above 2.3 mg mL-1, which is the most sensitive to the presence of this amino acid. Similarly, strain BR11366 reduced enzyme activity at concentrations above 2.3 mg mL-1. The evaluations carried out with the aid of CG-MS in root exudates of the two varieties of sugarcane observed the presence of different fatty acids, as well as the carbohydrates such as fructose and sucrose, and in this case, the carbohydrates were detected only in the inoculated IACSP95-5000. Likewise, oxalic acid was detected in both varieties when inoculated as well. These results can help to understand the interaction of strains and varieties, producing substances that attract bacteria or even propitiate their multiplication in a different way. Different strains of diazotrophic bacteria, in the presence of amino acids such as glutamate and asparagine, showed differences in growth and nitrogenase activity depending on the strain and dose applied.
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8
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CAMILA FERREIRA MATOS
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CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOGAS AND BOVINE DIGESTATE AND THE EFFECT OF THEIR APPLICATION ON MAIZE PRODUCTIVITY AND ON SOIL N-NH3 LOSSES
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Advisor : ERIKA FLAVIA MACHADO PINHEIRO
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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ERIKA FLAVIA MACHADO PINHEIRO
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MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
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LUAN SOUSA DOS SANTOS
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DAVID VILAS BOAS DE CAMPOS
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EDNALDO DA SILVA ARAÚJO
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Data: Feb 28, 2020
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Show Abstract
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Milk production in Brazil stands out as one of the main agricultural activities. However, the intensification of this production system results in large concentrations of solid and liquid residues, which are often applied to crops without previous treatment, which can cause soil degradation (salinization, contamination by heavy metals and pathogenic organisms), air pollution (emission of gases that cause greenhouse effect) and aquifers (eutrophication of rivers). In order to avoid these problems, it is recommended that stabilization of the residues, which are normally fresh dumps, be carried out before applying them to the soil. One way is the anaerobic degradation of organic matter that stands out from other treatments for generating, as a final product, biogas and digestate. The first chapter of this work aimed to evaluate the effect of anaerobic digestion of bovine manure, from the organic production system, at different times of hydraulic retention (HRT). Prototypes of batch supply bench biodigestors were built. The treatments consisted of different HRT: T0 - fresh bovine manure, without going through the anaerobic digestion process; T15; T30; T45; T60; T75; T90 and T240 - bovine manure after 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 240 days of anaerobic digestion, respectively. After the stabilization of the manure, which was verified only after 90 days of anaerobic digestion (T90), the digestate was used as organic fertilizer for the cultivation of corn. In the second chapter, the effect of the digestate on corn productivity and the potential for its use as a biofertilizer were evaluated, in comparison with mineral fertilizer (urea). Losses of N-NH3 from bovine digestate and nitrogen fertilizer were also monitored. Eight treatments and four replications were evaluated, totaling 32 experimental units in a completely randomized design, namely: T0: control, T1: nitrogenous mineral fertilization (urea, 20 kg ha-1), T2: nitrogenous mineral fertilization (urea, 40 kg ha -1), T3: nitrogenous mineral fertilization (urea, 80 kg ha-1), T4: nitrogenous mineral fertilization (urea, 120 kg ha-1), T5: organic fertilization (bovine digestate, 20 t ha-1), T6 : organic fertilization (bovine digestate, 40 t ha-1), T7: organic fertilization (bovine digestate, 80 t ha-1), T8: organic fertilization (bovine digestate, 120 t ha-1). Finally, the third chapter was the evaluation of the quantity and quality of the biogas resulting from the anaerobic digestion process of bovine manure, swine manure and swine-bovine mixture (co-digestion). To carry out the experiment, prototypes of biodigesters supplied were used, only once, with the treatments mentioned above. To calculate the biogas production potential, weekly production data were used in relation to the amounts of substrate, total solids and volatile solids. The analysis of the chemical composition of biogas was carried out by means of gas chromatography and the fractions of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were identified.
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9
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JORGE LUIZ HERACLITO DE MATTOS
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OCCURRENCE OF MACROFUNGS WITH EDIBLE POTENTIAL OF CLASS BASIDIOMICETES IN THREE CONSERVATION UNITS (UCs) OF ATLANTIC MATA BIOMA IN BAIXADA FLUMINENSE - RJ
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Advisor : RICARDO LUIZ LOURO BERBARA
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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ALEXANDER SILVA DE RESENDE
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CARLOS ANTONIO INACIO
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ELIANE MARIA RIBEIRO DA SILVA
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MARGARIDA GORETE FERREIRA DO CARMO
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RICARDO LUIZ LOURO BERBARA
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Data: Feb 28, 2020
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Show Abstract
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The production of mushrooms in Brazil is still inexpressive in the world scenario, but has great potential. Approximately 25 mushrooms are used in cooking today and even fewer are grown. In Brazil, the species consumed are: Boletus edulis (fungi secchi), Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes (shiitake), Agaricus bisporus (champignon de Paris). Besides these, there are those that are native and edible, but are not commercially produced, for example: Auricularia fuscosuccinea, Macrolepiota procera, Polyporus tenuiculus and Oudemansiella canarii being of great relevance because they can occur naturally in the forests and can be an alternative to the production national. An agro-industry based on macro-fungus and its products, it needs that its technological development rests on a strong scientific base, having in mind the conception of sustainable use and preservation of forest resources. Brazilian natural forests harbor enormous potential for the bioprospecting of basidiomycete fungi of economic value. In three fragments of the Atlantic Forest it would be possible to identify, classify and catalog the occurrence of undiscovered mushrooms that may be of great economic interest. For this reason, the research project aims to determine the occurrence and to identify macrofung species with edible potential in three Conservation Units (UCs) of the Atlantic Forest Biome in Baixada Fluminense - RJ. In addition, it proposes its later isolation in axenic conditions, as well as its cultivation in substrates taking advantage of agroindustrial residues and comparison of Biological Efficiency. In this way, establishing a methodology for its subsequent commercial production.
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10
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NATHALIA DE FRANÇA GUIMARÃES
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Identification and growth promotion of diazotrophic bacteria isolated from different genotypes of the Saccharum complex.
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Advisor : VERONICA MASSENA REIS
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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VERONICA MASSENA REIS
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ADELSON PAULO DE ARAUJO
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EDERSON DA CONCEIÇÃO JESUS
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LUC FELICIANUS MARIE ROUWS
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LUIS HENRIQUE DE BARROS SOARES
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Data: Feb 28, 2020
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Show Abstract
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Bacteria described as plant growth promoters can act on the development of sugarcane cultivars through various mechanisms, such as biological nitrogen fixation, nutrient solubilization, synthesis of siderophores and plant growth hormones, in addition to contributing to the resistance of biotic stresses and abiotic from different plants. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the growth promotion of inoculated diazotrophic bacteria in cultivars belonging to the Saccharum complex, and from root samples, isolate and characterize bacteria from these different genotypes. Several experiments were carried out in a greenhouse using the cultivars: one belonging to the species Saccharum spontaneum - US72-1319, five from Erianthus arundinaceus - IJ76-364, IJ76-358, IJ76-359, IJ76-381 and IJ76-384; two from Saccharum robustum - IJ76-414 and IM76-228, two from Saccharum barberi - White Pararia and IN84-58, one Saccharum sinense - Maneria, three Saccharum officinarum - White, Biscuit and Q45830 and one Miscanthus sp. - cultivate Fiji 15; all from Embrapa's germplasm bank. Experiments were developed with a randomized block design (DBC) in a double factorial scheme (2x2) with five replications. The factors were: absence or presence of inoculation with five strains of diazotrophic bacteria: Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus; Herbaspirillum seropedicae; Herbaspirillum. rubrisubalbicans; Paraburkholderia tropica and Nitrospirillum amazonense; and absence or not of short thermal treatment (TT) (52°C for 30 min). The mini-specimens (one yolk) were placed in a box containing sterile substrate to evaluate sprouting, in addition to biometric growth parameters and analysis of root architecture using WinRhizo Pro® software. From the root tissue, 88 bacterial strains were isolated, forming 18 clusters using morphological characters. Representatives of these groups were evaluated for phylogenetic identification by sequencing the 16S in addition to physiological characteristics of growth promotion. The results of sprouting speed index and number of sprouts show that thermotherapy affects all species studied, with the exception of the species IJ76-358, IJ76-364, US72-1319, which presented neutral sensitivity. The inoculation positively affected these variables the species IJ76-315, IJ76-414, Biscuit, Branca and IM76-228 when in the absence of TT and Bamboo Rose in the presence of TT. Among the analyzed sequences, two groups belonging to the phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were identified and distributed in 16 genera. The results suggest that the selected bacteria have biotechnological potential to promote plant growth
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11
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12
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MATEUS MARQUES BUENO
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Production of seedlings of forest species from the Atlantic Forest, using automatic irrigation management, substrate with biosolids and shading levels
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Advisor : DANIEL FONSECA DE CARVALHO
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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DANIEL FONSECA DE CARVALHO
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MARINALDO FERREIRA PINTO
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NIVALDO SCHULTZ
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ALEXANDER SILVA DE RESENDE
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CARLOS RODRIGUES PEREIRA
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Data: Jul 31, 2020
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Show Abstract
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The increase in demand for native tree species seedlings makes it important to optimize the production factors that affect quality parameters, such as water supplementation and luminosity levels. The lack of information on the tree species water requirement promotes waste of water in the of seedlings production in nurseries. Water use efficiency, growth indicators and quality parameters were evaluated in six native species of the Atlantic Forest, by conducting experiments from September 2018 to December 2019. Two groups of experiments were carried out: (i) in the greenhouse, in the seedling production phase, when four levels of water replacement were applied by dripping to seedlings of Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Cytharexylum myrianthum Cham. and Ceiba speciosa Ravenna, and posteriorly, with uniform water replacement; and (ii) on outdoor benches, when seedlings of the Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex Benth., Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) JFMacbr and Hymenaea courbaril L. species were produced in four shading levels, simulating commercial nursery conditions. In all experiments, in the seedling phase, automated irrigation management was used, with instant storage of the number of actuations and the volume of water applied. The biosolid, from the treatment and stabilization of the sewage sludge, was used as a substrate in the seedling phase (280 cm-3 tubes) and sandy soil material in the initial growth phase (pots 18 dm-3). In general, the seedlings of the first group of experiments showed development above the standards applied for planting in the field before 80 days after emergence (DAE), for treatments with greater water replacement of seedlings. For treatments with less water replacement, the seedling recovery was fast and the growth was satisfactory, after 30 days after planting in pots. In the seedling phase, S. parahyba, C. myrianthum and C. speciosa received, respectively, 2.40, 1.08 and 0.85 L per plant, for treatment with replacement of 100% of the water requirement (V4); in the initial growth phase (230 DAE), the total water volumes were, respectively, 70.0, 50.3 and 52.7 L per plant. The tree species in the first experiment group showed low sensitivity to growth in response to water deficit, and distinct water efficiencies between the seedling and initial growth phases, with the highest height (80.7 and 17.0 cm L-1 ) and diameter values (2.1 and 0.5 mm L-1) in the two phases for C. speciosa. For the second group of experiments, the total volumes of water applied were 70.0; 50.3 and 52.7 L per plant, respectively, for D. nigra, A. leiocarpa and H. courbaril, presenting better results in the shading levels of, respectively, 37 and 58%; 37% and in full sun. Higher water productivity of irrigation (PAi) for the D. nigra and A. leiocarpa species are associated with the seedlings of the treatments that showed better growth and quality performance. It can be concluded that the application of water in response to the water needs of seedlings of tree species, via automated irrigation management, and the identification of the ideal shading rate guarantee the production of quality seedlings with low water volume.
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13
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JULIANA SILVA DE SOUZA
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Factors conditioning the decision making in the land use and management of family farmers in the Zé Pureza settlement, RJ.
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Advisor : LUCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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LUCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS
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EVERALDO ZONTA
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CLAUDIA JOB SCHMITT
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JOÃO ROBERTO CORREIA
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ALBA LEONOR DA SILVA MARTINS
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Data: Aug 27, 2020
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Show Abstract
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The objective of this case study was to discriminate the main factors that influence the choices of land use and soil management, shaping the decision making of family farmers in the Zé Pureza-RJ agrarian reform settlement project. In order to achieve this objective, there were evaluated the main parameters that shaped the rationality of land use and land management choices of family farmers, and the physical and social space in which they are inserted was characterized. Initially, interviews were conducted based on scripts with socioeconomic items and another with types of exploration and land management adopted, in addition to characterization of production units. Based on the answers from interviews with 20 families in Zé Pureza settlement, a structured questionnaire on land use and management was elaborated. This questionnaire was applied through interviews with each family, and the objective answers supported the multivariate analysis. For the refinement of maps of the use and environmental characterization of the settlements, obtained by satellite images, field surveys were carried out, concomitant to the interviews. Based on the history of land use and management, representative areas of main types of usage were selected for assessment of soil quality using some atrributes (pH, Ca+Mg, K, P, Al, Al+H, N, C, Total Organic Carbon - TOC, Particulate Organic Carbon – POC, mineral-associated Organic Carbon - MinOC and Light Organic Matter- MOL). As a result, it was found that the creation of the Zé Pureza settlement caused an abrupt change in the land coverage, from an area with homogeneous pasture to a mosaic of usages, including crops and pasture. The choices of land use and agricultural practices adopted by farmers, which configure this mosaic, do not portray their knowledge and perceptions, but their resource limitations. The low use of fertilizers, agrochemicals, the time and place of harrowing, the division of pastures, the absence of production registers, are not configured as choices, but due to the condition imposed on them. Even, sometimes, conflicting with the perception / knowledge that these farmers have of the environment and their own practices. The current configuration of the choices of farmers in the Zé Pureza settlement is shaped by structural issues. Low schooling, lack of technical assistance and limited financial resources foster a cycle that leads to less and less favorable conditions for assertive choices. A proposal to change the farmers' way of production will have greater adherence if it results in greater financial stability and reduction in need of family workforce. The application of methods of Multiple Correspondence Analysis, followed by hierarchical Cluster, corroborated a pattern captured by the descriptive statistics of the data from the questionnaires. The absence of very distinct clusters and the low variance captured by the models indicate that structural factors are conditioning farmers' choices and perceptions. This suggests that structural limiting factors generate a dispersed behavior of farmers (objects), as they respond to individual opportunities. A favorable scenario for the adoption and long-term maintenance of soil conservation practices implies in reducing the vulnerability of agro-ecosystems reproduction strategies by expanding the autonomy of these agro-ecosystems.
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14
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CARLOS ALBERTO RIBEIRO DE MOURA
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Influence of edaphic ant fauna on soil properties, biological nitrogen fixation and phytoliths, in cultivated areas on the integrated agroecological production system
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Advisor : MARIA ELIZABETH FERNANDES CORREIA
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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MARIA ELIZABETH FERNANDES CORREIA
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LUCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS
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EDERSON DA CONCEIÇÃO JESUS
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FABIO SOUTO DE ALMEIDA
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FABRICIO BEGGIATO BACCARO
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MARIELLA CAMARDELLI UZÊDA
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Data: Sep 25, 2020
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Show Abstract
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MOURA, Carlos Alberto Ribeiro de. Influence of edaphic ant fauna on physical, chemical and microbiological properties of soils in a land use gradient. 2019. 000 p. Thesis (Doctor Science in Agronomy, Soil Science). Instituto de Agronomia, Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2019.
This study addressed the effects of the Solenopsis invicta Buren (SI) on bioturbation and nutrient stocks in soils under agroecological management, the occurrence of biological nitrogen fixation in SI and the attraction of ant assemblyto attractive plant crops. Edaphic ants are an important group of bioturbators, and SI are widely found in agroecosystems. SI can be classified as generalist predators and are efficient at exploring disturbed environments. In Chapter I, the hypothesis that SI when building their nests and acting as biological vectors of nutrients alters nutrient levels and soil fertility parameters as C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Si, H + Al, V%, the granulometric fractions and the phytoliths assembly (Poaceae, Eudicotyledonae, Arecaceae, Cyperaceae) was verified. In Chapter II, the hypothesis that this SI in association with nitrogen-fixing bacteria would be able to perform biological nitrogen fixation was assessed. And in Chapter III, the ability to use attractive plants (PAs) to attract the myrmecofauna was tested. There was an increase in the concentration of C, P, K, in V% and coarse sand and a reduction in total acidity and in total clay in the nests. The phytolith assembly changed in three of the four groups analyzed and the silicon content PASi (Si available for plants), ASi (amorphous silica) and AIF (acid insoluble fraction) showed a strong increase in relation to the control soil, with ASi presenting mean difference of 243.23 g.kg of soil. All samples submitted to acetylene reduction analysis showed ethylene production and the average fixation was 4.3 nmol of fixed N. g (wet weight).h-1 (n = 44). The bacteria associated with SI were identified through metagenomics. The genera that comprise species with known FBN capacity make up an average of 26.24% of the genera present in the samples and the regression model was significant for the genera Bradyrhizobium (p = 0.0025; R² = 0.5464) and Sphingomonas (p = 0.00434; R² = 0.506). The activity data obtained in the PAS experiment submitted to multivariate analysis of PERMANOVA did not detect any difference between treatments but detected between sampling events which translates as an effect of the time that has elapsed since the last plowing. These silicon data can have an impact on soil carbon studies, especially its inorganic component, on the understanding of silicon dynamics and serve as a basis for studies with solubilizing bacteria by pointing out nests as possible centers of activity for these bacteria. It is assumed that FBN in SI is an important holophenotype for the success of SI as an invading holobiont and skilled in exploring disturbed areas. This is the first study indicating the occurrence of FBN in ant workers and reveals a source not yet quantified in agroecosystems and natural ecosystems. As there was no effect of the treatments, it is recommended that a vegetation cover is maintained, even if spontaneous, and that these refuges are not submitted to plowing, thus maintaining the diversity of the myrmecofaunaand the services that itcan provide.
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15
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RENAN PINTO BRAGA
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Functional characterization of the OsDof26 transcription factor through genetic knockout and analysis of the metabolic profile in rice
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Advisor : MANLIO SILVESTRE FERNANDES
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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ANDRE MARQUES DOS SANTOS
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ANDRES CALDERIN GARCIA
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LUIZ MORS CABRAL
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MANLIO SILVESTRE FERNANDES
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RAFAELA ELOI DE ALMEIDA ALVES
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Data: Oct 30, 2020
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Show Abstract
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Nitrogen and Carbon metabolism are key parts in improving food production, which needs to increase to maintain the diet of the growing human population. Transcription factors are regulatory proteins of gene expression and can be key elements in the control of intricated metabolic pathways. DNA Binding with One Finger (Dof) Transcription Factors are unique to green plants and are directly related to metabolic events unique to the plant kingdom. This study aimed to verify the probable function of the OsDof26 Transcription Factor through gene knockout using CRISPR-Cas9 technology and its possible influence on nitrogen and carbon metabolism. The results obtained show that the absence of this Transcription Factor harmed the rice plant, reducing its production of biomass and grains. There was also the accumulation of carbohydrates necessary for primary carbon metabolism and nitrogen assimilation in roots.
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16
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CAMILA ALMEIDA DOS SANTOS
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Nitrogen Balance and N2O Emissions from Exclusive Pasture of Braquiária Marandú or Mixed with Desmódio.
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Advisor : BRUNO JOSÉ RODRIGUES ALVES
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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CLÁUDIA DE PAULA REZENDE
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DANIEL RUME CASAGRANDE
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ABMAEL DA SILVA CARDOSO
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BRUNO JOSÉ RODRIGUES ALVES
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ERIKA FLAVIA MACHADO PINHEIRO
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Data: Nov 27, 2020
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Show Abstract
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Sustainable pasture management models constantly seek ways of animal production with lessenvironmental impact. The introduction of forage legumes in pasture systems may represent an alternative to the use of nitrogen fertilizers. Seeking to understand the nitrogen balance and N2O emissions from exclusive pasture of Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu or mixed with Desmodium heterocarpon legumes, four hypotheses were raised: the first is that with the introduction of the legume Desmódio in pastures of Marandú braquiária it is possible to achieve similar or higher productivity in relation to the pasture of B. brizantha cv Marandu in a monoculture fertil ized with 150 kg N ha-1 year-1 and that an adequate management allows the legume to persist in the system; the second hypothesis is that the fraction of N excreted by cattle that is converted into N2O does not change in pastures fertilized with urea and pastures mixed with Desmódi0, as well as mandatory CH4 in dung; the third is that the bases of N2O are greater in pastures with legumes compared to pastures of Marandu, but that the addition of nitrogen fertilizer modifies this condition, making it larger as supplied with N2O from the fertilized system; and the fourth hypothesis is that the entry of N via BNF or nitrogen fertilization meets the demand for N from pastures, and has the potential to compensate for losses of N.The study was carried out on the Animal Husbandry Experimental Station of the Extreme South of Bahia (ESSUL), belonging to the Cocoa Research Organisation (CEPLAC) located in the municipality of Itabela, Bahia. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with 3 treatments, B. brizantha fertilized with 150 kg N ha-1 year-1, B. brizantha mixed with Desmodium heterocarpon and pasture of B. brizantha without adding N. Each plot was composed of 5 paddocks, and the grazing system used was rotated with 7 days of occupation and 28 days of rest. The results obtained allowed to conclude that the mixed pasture of Desmodium heterocarpon with Capim-Marandu promoted production of forage and beef cattle similar to the pasture of Capim-Marandu + 150 kg N ha-1 year-1 and that the adopted management allowed the persistence of legume in the system, with potential for use in tropical pastures. The system mixed grass/legume resulted in a change in the N excretion pathway, with greater excretion in the dung. The N2O EF and the fraction of NH3 lost through urine is similar in mixed grass/legume and fertilized pasture, and the N2O FE for dung is lower in mixed pasture. The entry of N via nitrogen fertilization or by the legume used in the mixed increases background N2O, being greater by the addition of nitrogen fertilizer in relation to the introduction of the legume. Urea fertilization results in N losses due to ammonia volatilization and N2O emission in magnitudes lower than what can be estimated with the respective default loss factors in the IPCC guide. Both the nitrogen fertilization of 150 kg N ha-1 in the form of urea and the entry of N via FBN through the consortium with D. heterocarpon allow to compensate for N outflows in pasture cattle production systems. On the other hand, the addition of nitrogen fertilizers provides greater emissions of greenhouse gases compared to the mixed strategy with legumes.
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17
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KERLY MARTÍNEZ ANDRADE
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Plant growth-promoting yeasts
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Advisor : JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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JOSÉ ROBERTO DE ASSIS RIBEIRO
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MÁRCIA MARIA ROSA MAGRI
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ANDRES CALDERIN GARCIA
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JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
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NORMA GOUVÊA RUMJANEK
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Data: Dec 3, 2020
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Show Abstract
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Yeasts are single-celled fungi that can be found naturally in the rhizosphere and in the phyllosphere of plants. Some species are able to participate in different important biotechnological processes, such as : biological control of fungi for their ability to produce killer toxins, production of siderophores and other effects used as promoters of plant growth. This work aimed to evaluate the action of promoting the growth of plants by yeast. Results of natural environments and yeast collections. Roots of rice and beans were isolated from 14 yeast lines, as they were evaluated with in vitro germination tests, experiments in a greenhouse and field. Users with growth promotion behavior were affected by the classic taxonomy and by the sequencing of the transcribed internal spacer region (ITS) and the D1 / D2 domains of the large subunit of the rRNA gene. Mechanisms of action to promote growth, production of killer toxins, volatile compounds, indolacetic acid (AIA), presence of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase enzyme, solubilization of phosphates, zinc, aluminum and siderophores, were tested. The evaluation of antagonism and pathogens in solid culture media. The results obtained in the selection of growth-promoting yeasts indicated three species of yeasts with good results (Torulaspora indica, Candida intermedia and Spatasfora suhi), provide greater root growth in 23% and 18% in the aerial part and 25% in the total biomass at the end This comparison is relevant, considering that the additional development in the root system helps to improve the conditions of absorption of nutrients and other plant compounds for the development of the growth cycle. achieved positive results for any test of production of volatile compounds and ACC and aluminum solubilization, and all yeasts isolated from plant roots were able to produce killer activity, AIA and solubilize phosphates and zinc oxide or that contribute to the promotion of plant growth.
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18
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MARIANA FERREIRA RABELO FERNANDES
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Prospecting for Microorganisms to Control Fungi in Soybean Seeds
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Advisor : JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
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COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
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JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
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EVERALDO ZONTA
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CARLOS ALBERTO TUÃO GAVA
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EDERSON DA CONCEIÇÃO JESUS
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RAFAEL SANCHES PACHECO
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Data: Dec 15, 2020
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Show Abstract
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The increase in costs of chemical control for pests and pathogens, the loss of efficiency of some of these products over time and the environmental problems resulting from these practices indicate the need to search for alternatives for the control of phytopathogens. Some groups of organisms have been known to inhibit the development of microorganisms potentially pathogenic to agricultural crops. The selection of antagonistic microorganisms as well as the knowledge of their mechanisms of action constitutes the fundamental basis of any biological control program of plant diseases and is essential in the development of rational models for the introduction of biocontroladores in agroecosystems. For most isolates described in the recent literature, it is known that the antagonistic effect can be explained based on the intense production of specific cellular secondary metabolites. The success of commercial production is based on the knowledge of the viability of these products according to their metabolism. In view of the above, this work aims to present and discuss the metabolic and genetics of microorganisms potentially antagonistic to pests and parasites that attack agricultural crops, and from the description of these mechanisms identify molecules derived from bacterial metabolism for commercial formulations for biological control.
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