Dissertations/Thesis

Clique aqui para acessar os arquivos diretamente da Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJ

2024
Dissertations
1
  • ANTONINO JOSÉ JACQUES GAMBÔA FERNANDEZ DE OLIVEIRA NETTO
  • Diversified agricultural production systems in the Cerrado region of Goiás: Using edaphic attributes to assess land quality.

  • Advisor : MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • NIVALDO SCHULTZ
  • DAVID VILAS BOAS DE CAMPOS
  • Data: Mar 5, 2024


  • Show Abstract
  • Different forms of land use can promote diferent changes in soil fertility and the dynamics of soil organic matter (SOM), especially in environmental and soil conditions that favor and intensify the transformation of organic material. The objectives of this study were i) to evaluate the chemical attributes related to soil fertility in areas subjected to different land use and management systems; ii) to analyze the impact of more diversified production systems on maintaining and/or improving the fertility levels of these areas; and iii) to evaluate the impact of different land use and management systems on the interactions between the fractions of MOS in agricultural areas in the Cerrado Goiano. The study was carried out in three areas of the biome, under diversified production systems: 1) BV area - soybean monoculture (MS01); crop-livestock-forest integration (ILPF01); pasture (PA01); and Cerrado vegetation (VC01); 2) ML area - monoculture with soybean/maize succession (SSM02); agroforestry (AF02); pasture (PA02); and Cerrado vegetation (VC02); and 3) Area IF - soybean/maize succession (SSM03); livestock-forest integration (IPF03); pasture (PA03); and Cerrado vegetation (VC03). Deformed and undeformed soil samples were collected from the 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm layers. The samples were air-dried, crumbled and passed through a 2.00 mm mesh sieve to obtain fine air-dry soil (FADS), the material used for the analysis. The soil fertility characterization analyses were carried out (pH in H2O; Ca2+; Mg2+; Al3+; H+Al; Na+; K+ and P), the soil sorption complex value was also calculated, and the MOS compartments were assessed using the following analyses: total organic carbon (TOC), TOC stock (ESTC) and the fractionations of the MOS: physical granulometric (particulate organic carbon, COp; and associated with minerals, Coam), physical densimetric (carbon of the free light fraction, FLL) and chemical of the humic substances (fulvic acid fraction, FAF; humic acid, FAH; and humin, HUM). The content of light organic matter in water (MOL) and the carbon management index (CMI) and its components were determined. The PA01, AF02 and PA03 systems showed the best results in terms of chemical attributes, including the highest pH, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, P, SB and V% values, as well as the lowest H+Al and Al values. On the other hand, the use systems used as a reference, VC02 and VC03, showed the highest values of active, exchangeable and potential acidity. In the different types of systems used, fertilization led to an increase in nutrient levels in parallel with a decrease in toxic elements. In addition, the maintenance of crop residues, as well as the use of forage plants for greater soil cover, also contribute to improving soil fertility. The most recalcitrant MOS fractions (COam and HUM) were the ones that contributed most to separating the systems in the PCA. The MOS fractions were similarly affected by the characteristics of the land use systems. MOL was the MOS fraction most effective in demonstrating the influence of diversified production systems.

Thesis
1
  • LUIZ ALBERTO DA SILVA RODRIGUES PINTO
  • Sandy Soils in the Western Region of Paraná: Aggregation and Organic Matter as Quality Indicators

  • Advisor : MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • DAVID VILAS BOAS DE CAMPOS
  • FABIANO DE CARVALHO BALIEIRO
  • JOSE LUIZ RODRIGUES TORRES
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • NIVALDO SCHULTZ
  • Data: Apr 1, 2024


  • Show Abstract
  • Agricultural production systems with a wide variety of plant species can maintain or improve the quality of soils, especially those with a sandy texture. Monitoring the impact of these forms of use and management can be done by analyzing soil properties that can act as quality indicators. This monitoring makes it possible to assess the changes in soil attributes resulting from the adoption of these agricultural systems and the environmental sustainability that can be promoted by them when they are carried out correctly. The study of the formation pathways (or origins) of aggregates and the attributes associated with aggregation (soil organic matter, SOM) has been used to assess the quality of soils in production areas. This study was divided into three chapters with different objectives: Chapter I verified whether soil use and management affects the proportion of biogenic (Bio) and physicogenic (Phy) aggregates; and whether Bio aggregation promotes improvements compared to Phy aggregation. Chapter II assessed whether Bio aggregation provides greater stabilization of macro- and microaggregates; and whether Bio aggregates are associated with higher levels of labile organic carbon and glomalin. Chapter III aimed to i) quantify the chemical attributes associated with the fertility of Bio and Phy aggregates; and ii) evaluate the total carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents and their respective stoichiometric ratios and the phosphorus fractions with different degrees of lability and availability. Three areas under different production systems and one reference area were evaluated, namely: permanent pasture (PP); no-tillage system (NT); no-tillage system + Brachiaria (NT+B); and a forest fragment in the Atlantic Forest biome (NF). In each sampling area, undeformed samples were collected from the surface layer of a Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico, with a sandy texture in the surface horizons. The samples were air-dried and then sieved using two sets of sieves with mesh sizes of 9.7-8.0 and 8.0-4.0 mm, selecting the aggregates retained in these intervals. The aggregates were separated, identified and classified according to their origin by analyzing their morphology. Chapter I found that the quantity of plant residues was more important than the diversity of species in the formation of Bio aggregates; that the beneficial effect of Brachiaria was observed when adopted in a consortium with maize; and that the Bio aggregates favored higher values of the more labile fractions of SOM, which suggests an improvement in soil quality in the surface layer. Chapter II found that grain production systems, pasture and environments with a low degree of anthropization had a different influence on aggregation and the content of organic fractions associated with aggregate stability. Chapter III found that the chemical attributes of the Bio and Phy aggregates were affected differently between the agricultural production systems; and that the results found for the Bio aggregates reiterate the importance of studying the pathways of formation in assessing the chemical quality of the soil in conservation management areas.

2023
Dissertations
1
  • THASSIANY DE CASTRO ALVES
  • Cover crops and no-tillage: Soil chemical attributes and okra production in organic system
  • Advisor : EVERALDO ZONTA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • FRANCIELE CAROLINE DE ASSIS VALADÃO
  • EVERALDO ZONTA
  • PRISCILA SILVA MATOS
  • Data: Feb 24, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • Soil degradation is a scenario of concern for soil and water conservation, in view of this situation the use of no-tillage system and green manure becomes promising alternatives for improving soil attributes and at the same time for organic agriculture. Thus, the objective of the study was to evaluate the use of different cover crops and soil management systems to improve soil quality and crop productivity in an organic production system. The experiment was carried out on the organic property Sítio do Sol located in the municipality of Seropédica, state of Rio de Janeiro, composed of randomized blocks with three replications and a 2 x 6 factorial scheme with two treatments (no-tillage system - NT and conventional soil system - TC ) and subdivided plots with six cover plants grown in isolation (Milheto – Pennisetum glaucum; Crotalaria - Crotalaria juncea and jack bean – Canavalia ensiformis) and in consortium formed by two cocktails with the mixture of cover plants (C1 – cocktail 1 is the 100% mixture of recommended cover plant seeds and C2 – cocktail 2 is the 50% mixture of recommended cover plant seeds) and the last sub treatment is the weed plants kept in the area. In the first chapter, the “Accumulation and release of nutrients from cover crops to the soil” was addressed. nutrients and nutrients in the soil. In the second chapter on “The effect of conservation systems of land use on the total carbon stock and fractions of organic matter”, soil samples were taken in the layers of 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm for the evaluation of organic carbon total and physical fractionation of organic matter constituted by granulometric and densimetric fractionation of organic matter. Finally, in chapter three, the topic “Okra productivity and soil nutrient balance in an organic farming system” was addressed. by leaf analysis of the crop to determine nutrient concentrations and finally the productivity of okra in organic system. The results found indicate the use of grasses to cover the soil and legumes to provide nutrients, the two together are promising as cocktails in the area. Regarding the chemical attributes of the soil, they showed that in the pit and between the rows, the NT needs more time to build soil fertility, but in relation to the total organic carbon and in the soil fractions in the evaluated years 2019 and 2022, the NT guaranteed an increase in the content of organic matter in the soil and its compartments. Okra showed higher content and accumulation from NT and C1, but productivity was higher in SPC due to factors such as higher plant stand in this system

2
  • CAMILA PEREIRA DE MORAES CARVALHO
  • Agronomic efficiency and phylogeny of Bradyrhizobium strains isolated in the municipality of Seropédica-RJ and in Feijão-cowpea and Soja

  • Advisor : JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
  • IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • MARCIA REED RODRIGUES COELHO
  • Data: Feb 27, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • The establishment of symbiosis between legumes and nitrogen-fixing bacteria
    atmosphere can increase productivity and reduce production costs, since the
    N is the nutrient most required by plants and the use of nitrogen fertilizers
    aggravates environmental problems, in addition to generating high production costs. In the present
    study, a cross-inoculation experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with
    50 strains of Bradyrhizobium isolated from the experimental field at Embrapa
    Agrobiology, in the municipality of Seropédica inoculated in cowpea and soybean.
    Subsequently, an experiment of symbiotic efficiencies was carried out with the strains
    selected from the previous experiment and compared with strains recommended by the
    MAP for cowpea and soybean inoculation, through the evaluation of the following
    parameters: number of nodules, dry mass of nodules and dry mass of shoots.
    In addition to the greenhouse experiments, the relationships
    phylogenetics of strains through amplification and sequencing of 16S genes
    rDNA, recA and nodC. It was demonstrated that 30 strains nodulated the cowpea,
    indicating a good performance in biological nitrogen fixation and that only 11
    strains established symbiosis with the soybean cultivar, demonstrating that this legume
    has greater host specificity.

3
  • FRANCISCO IVO DOS SANTOS AGUIAR
  • Digital Mapping of Sand and Clay and their Relationship with Environmental Variables
  • Advisor : HELENA SARAIVA KOENOW PINHEIRO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • HELENA SARAIVA KOENOW PINHEIRO
  • ISMÊNIA RIBEIRO DE OLIVEIRA
  • WALDIR DE CARVALHO JUNIOR
  • Data: Feb 27, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • In recent decades, there has been a growing demand for information about the spatial distribution of soil properties and classes, so modern computational techniques as Digital Soil Mapping have been developed. The general objective of this study was to predict the spatial variability of the soil properties: sand, clay and organic carbon contents by ordinary kriging and to correlate the results with topographic and remote sensing covariates. The study area took place in the municipality of Bom Jardim, RJ. To compose the soil database, 209 soil profiles were used, in a total of 603 samples. The digital elevation model (DEM) was generated to represent the altimetry of the study area and, subsequently, the basic attributes of the terrain were extracted: slope, slope height, aspect, valley depth index, topographic humidity index and factor - LS. Seeking to achieve the objective of the present study, orbital images were obtained from the Multispectral Instrument (MSI) sensor, installed on board the Sentinel-2B satellite. The free software QGIS 3.10.4 was used for pre-processing the images, processing the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), SAVI (Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index), Clay Minerals Ratio (CM), Iron Oxide Ratio (IO ), and bands 1 to 12. The statistical procedures to analyze the data and implement the soil depth functions were performed in the open access program R. To plot the soil depth functions, the Algorithms for Quantitative Pedology (AQP) package was used. Regarding the basic statistics of the data set, to identify outliers, boxplots were used. To determine the normality of the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied, at a 5% probability level. After the statistical analysis, the geostatistical analysis of the data was carried out. The modeling of the experimental semivariogram followed the principles established by the intrinsic hypothesis. After modeling the semivariograms, the ordinary kriging (KO) technique was used to interpolate values in locations not sampled. It is concluded that the terrain covariates derived from the digital elevation model can represent the soil forming factors and can be used in the digital mapping of soils in the area, as well as to establish areas of agricultural suitability in mountainous areas, such as Bom Jardim - RJ. All soil properties showed spatial dependence structure and better fit the spherical model. The spatialization of soil properties in the study area proved to be very efficient in understanding the spatial variability with the use of Ordinary Kriging

4
  • PASCOAL PEREIRA RODRIGUES
  • Importance of incorporating limestone in soil preparation for soybean cultivation in pasture/crop conversion areas in the North of Fluminense

  • Advisor : JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
  • EVERALDO ZONTA
  • JORGE JACOB NETO
  • CLÁUDIA POZZI JANTALIA
  • Data: Feb 28, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • The objective of this work was to evaluate the interference of the form of liming (superficial and
    incorporated into the soil) on biological nitrogen fixation and cultivar development
    of soybeans, in the north of Rio de Janeiro. The experiment was conducted in the 2021/2022 harvest in an area of
    Abadia farm located in the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes, State of Rio de
    January. The soybean crop [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] stands out for its high content of
    protein in grains (40%), important for human and animal nutrition. And Brazil if
    stands out on the world stage as a soybean producer. With the decline of sugar cane in
    northern region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, there is an opportunity to explore
    of soy cultivation, which can contribute to the generation of jobs and income in the region. Strains
    efficient bacteria of the genus Bradyrhizobium contribute to biological fixation rates
    of nitrogen for soy, greater than 80%. And the practice of coinoculation with Azospirillum
    promotes an increase in productivity for the crop. Already, the correction of soil acidity
    through liming is an important agricultural practice for the development and production of
    Soy. High acidity is a limiting factor for plant development. The area of
    experiment was divided into two plots, with dimensions of approximately 70 x 70 m. THE
    first plot was harrowed to a depth of about 20 cm for turning over the
    soil, followed by the application of 1 ton of dolomitic limestone + 0.5 t ha -1 of gypsum,
    and a new harrowing at the same depth. Subsequently, Brachiaria was sown
    ruziziensis and a light harrowing was carried out to incorporate the seeds. In the second
    plot, the same amount of limestone and gypsum was applied without disturbing the soil. Soon
    afterwards, Brachiaria ruziziensis was desiccated and soybeans were planted directly in both areas.
    The transgenic soybean cultivars were tested in relation to the form of liming. Results
    indicate that the incorporation of limestone into the soil is more efficient in controlling acidity, raising
    pH, increase N accumulation in shoots, increase productivity and improve other
    attributes compared to surface liming.

5
  • AUREA PINTO DOS RAMOS
  • Invertebrate Fauna and Soil Attributes in an Agroforestry System and Secondary Forest in the Atlantic Forest Biome in the State of Rio de Janeiro

  • Advisor : MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ALEXANDER SILVA DE RESENDE
  • CRISTIANE FIGUEIRA DA SILVA
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • Data: Feb 28, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • The devastation of the Atlantic Forest Biome can be mitigated with the use of conservation management in agricultural production systems that promote the maintenance and/or improvement of soil quality. The objective of this study was to analyze the composition, density and diversity of soil fauna (epigean and macrofauna) in an Agroforestry System (AFS) and in a forest fragment (FL) in the Atlantic Forest biome in the municipality of Seropédica, RJ. The agroforestry system (SAF) was 8 years old and the sub-deciduous tropical forest fragment in regeneration (FL) was 28 years old. Physical attributes (granulometric analysis, temperature and humidity and weight), chemical attributes, determination of total organic carbon (TOC), granulometric fractionation of soil organic matter, determining the organic carbon of the particulate fraction (COP) and the fraction associated with minerals (COAM) and the invertebrate fauna of the soil by Pitfall and tropical soil biology fertility (TSBF) methods. Additionally, in the litter, the stock was quantified, the gravimetric humidity, the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents, and the epigeal fauna were evaluated. From the data of the invertebrate fauna, the density of individuals, richness and diversity indices of Shannon, and evenness of Pielou were calculated. Soil data were analyzed for normality and homoscedasticity of variances using the Shapiro-Wilk and Bartlett tests, and later the variables were analyzed using the F test. In addition, the data set was subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and coinertia analysis. Higher levels of clay, moisture, sorting complex, T value, S value, V% value of the soil and the indices of diversity and uniformity in the soil fauna in the AFS area were verified. There was no difference for temperature, levels of Al3+, TOC, COP and COAM between the areas. With regard to invertebrate fauna, it was observed in both seasons greater abundance, diversity and evenness indices of the fauna in the SAF area in the two evaluation methods, except in litter (TSBF) in which higher diversity and evenness indices were verified in the FL area. As for the multivariate analyses, a greater correlation was observed between faunal organisms, carbon fractions, P, K+, pH, clay, potential acidity, humidity and temperature in the AFS area. The relationship between the physical, chemical and biological attributes was verified by the coinertia analysis. It is concluded, therefore, that the AFS was efficient for the maintenance of the physical and chemical attributes of the soil and the litter, favoring the increase of soil fertility. Management with an agroforestry system promoted favorable environmental conditions for the abundance, diversity and distribution of the soil invertebrate fauna community. The coinertia analysis showed the close relationship between the physical and chemical attributes and the invertebrate fauna groups in the soil.

6
  • ÉRICO ATÍLIO DE PAIVA TELES
  • Selection and identification of halophilic and halotolerant bacteria that solubilize phosphate.

  • Advisor : IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • EVERALDO ZONTA
  • IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • MARCIA REED RODRIGUES COELHO
  • Data: Mar 2, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • Salinization severely affects agricultural production worldwide. This process occurs naturally, but is greatly aggravated and accelerated by human actions. Another issue that limits agricultural production is the low availability of phosphorus for plants in the soil. This occurs due to the high affinity of soluble phosphorus to other elements present in the soil, which reduces the efficiency of phosphate fertilizers. The rhizosphere of halophytic plants harbors several microorganisms that contribute for the establishment of these plants under saline stress, reducing the deleterious effects of salinity and through attributes of plant growth promotion. The use of phosphate-solubilizing bacterial inoculants has been considered a promising approach for establishing and increasing crop production under conditions of nutritional deficiency and/or other environmental stresses such as soil salinity. Thus, the aim of this work was to identify 47 bacterial isolates from the rhizosphere of halophyte plants by sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene in addition to evaluating their development in increasing concentrations of NaCl and classifying them according to salinity response and  phosphate solubilization activity in culture medium. Phosphate solubilization capacity was evaluated using the mineral phosphates CaHPO4 (dibasic calcium phosphate) and AlPO4 (aluminum phosphate) in solid and liquid culture media. The genera identified were Bacillus sp., Enterobacter sp., Halobacillus sp., Halomonas sp., Kushneria sp., Pantoea sp., Pseudomonas sp., Oceanobacillus sp. and Staphylococcus sp., and the most abundant among isolates were of the genera Enterobacter sp, Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. It was not possible to identify isolate 145, which had greater identity with sequences from non-cultivable bacteria deposited at the NCBI. 15 isolates from the genera Bacillus sp., Enterobacter sp., Halobacillus sp., Halomonas sp., Pantoea sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Staphylococcus sp. were classified as halophilic and 32 isolates of the genus Bacillus sp. Enterobacter sp., Halomonas sp., Kushneira sp., Pseudomonas sp., Oceanobacillus sp. and Staphylococcus sp. were classified as halotolerant. All isolates developed from colonies on solid medium containing insoluble phosphate as sources, but three of them did not show a solubilization halo in the medium with calcium phosphate. No halo was observed in the media containing aluminum phosphate. The isolates that developed the greatest ability to solubilize phosphorus from calcium phosphate were Kushneira sp. (102), Enterobacter sp. (186), isolate 145 and Bacillus sp. (120), 989.53 mg/L, 956.37 mg/L, 783, 82 mg/L and 757.60 mg/L, respectively. For the solubilization of aluminum phosphate, the isolates that presented the best results were Bacillus sp. (89), Oceanobacillus sp. (94), which raised soluble P by 61.10 mg/L and 45.82 mg/L, respectively. Pantoea sp. (150), Pseudomonas sp. (183) showed considerable solubilization activity for calcium aluminum phosphate, 436.04 mg/L and 23.89 mg/L for the first isolate and 376.49 mg/L and. 21.28 mg/L for the second. These results confirm that the rhizosphere of halophytic plants harbor bacteria from different taxa with phosphate solubilization capacity.

7
  • TALES GASPAR DE MATTOS REIS
  • Temporal Evaluation of Rainfall in the Itatiaia National Park, RJ: Assimilation of Orbital and Surface Data to Subsidize Erosive Studies in Soils

  • Advisor : LUCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • LUCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS
  • RAFAEL COLL DELGADO
  • RAFAEL DE ÁVILA RODRIGUES
  • RORIZ LUCIANO MACHADO
  • Data: Mar 9, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • The damages caused by the large volume of rainfall or its scarcity have been constantly debated at the national and local level, by scientists, government and the society. When associated with climate change, pointed as the main cause of extreme events, the theme becomes even more relevant in agricultural areas, protected areas, and cities. In Brazil, several works have been done using remote sensing (RS) data and its comparison with in situ meteorological stations, many of them have associated precipitation indices to the SR data to analyze the behavior, estimates and possible correlations. In this study the Climate Hazards Group Infra Red Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS), which was developed through cooperation between: Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS), Climate Hazards Group (CHG) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS), initially designed to track the impacts of seasonal droughts from rainfall time series. CHIRPS presents a spatial resolution of 0.05º, around 5 km, spatial coverage of 50º N and 50º S, and as derived products from CHIRPS we have daily, penta and monthly rainfall sets. Several studies have validated CHIPRS, many of them through the correlation between rainfall data estimated using remote sensing and those obtained from surface meteorological stations. The Itatiaia National Park Conservation Unit (PNI), chosen for this data validation study is completely inserted in the morphoclimatic domain of Mares de Morros and the Atlantic Forest Biome. The validation of the estimated data for the lower part of PNI was done in annual series, from 2021-2022, through the main statistical metrics. The CHIRPS data were validated from the correlation of data from a meteorological station (ITWH1080) fixed at the Flow Tower of the lower part of Itatiaia National Park, part of the PENSA Rio project. The results show that the correlation between the rainy season precipitation from CHIRPS and the ITWH1080 station do not show significant disparities. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r), which was applied to show the linear association between the annual precipitation series from CHIRPS with values defined up to 400 mm and from ITWH1080, showed a value of r = 0.90, pointing to a good association between the data matrices. The r² showed good variation with value equal to 0.82 and the Willmott index (d) showed value of 0.90, which denotes good agreement between the estimated and observed data. Therefore, it can be concluded that the use of precipitation data from CHIRPS is an alternative for the analysis of rainfall behavior in the lower part of PNI, thus contributing to the evaluation of the erosive potential of the same.

8
  • JULIANA FERREIRA NUNES
  • Monitoring Microbiological Quality and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile in Wastewater and Impact on Soil Bacterial Diversity

  • Advisor : IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • DANIELLI MONSORES BERTHOLOTO
  • GREICIANE FRANÇA BRONZATO DE ALMEIDA
  • Data: May 23, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • The slaughter process generates a volume of effluents that can accumulate along the slaughter chain. The effluents generated, when discharged into water bodies without proper treatment, act as a source of environmental contamination by pathogens, in addition to disseminating in bacteria of clinical importance or not, resistant to antimicrobials  . Bacterial resistance is a global health problem and is increasingly spreading in non-nosocomial environments. Once the effluents are discarded in the rivers and this water can be used later in irrigated agriculture, the contamination and dispersion of pathogens becomes even greater, and more worrisome, and may cause infections in the population that has direct contact with the river, in rural workers who work directly in the management of crops, in addition to causing an imbalance in the resistome and soil diversity. Thus, the objective of this work was to analyze the microbiological quality of the circulating waters of an avian slaughterhouse and soils in properties around it, which use, or not, the river water as a source for irrigation of agricultural cultivars, through the microbiological indicators thermotolerant coliforms and Salmonella. The objective was also to evaluate the resistance phenotype of bacterial isolates from the collected samples to obtain an epidemiological screening of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials.  The samples were collected in the municipality of São José do Vale do Rio Preto, in Rio de Janeiro.  Three water samples were collected at four different points: water from the stream (P1), raw effluent (P2), treated effluent (P3) and the slaughterhouse's own treatment plant (P4); a soil collection in a forest area (A), on a property upstream of the slaughterhouse (B) and another downstream of the slaughterhouse (C). For the determination of the microbiological quality, the multi-tube technique was performed using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method, and the diffusion disc method recommended by BrCast was used for the antimicrobial susceptibility test, and 13 antimicrobials were tested: 11 beta-lactams, including 2nd, 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins, monobactams and carbapenems, 1 fluoroquinolone and 1 aminoglycoside, with tests for ESBL, AmpC and carbapenemase.  The level of thermotolerant coliforms in the stream samples were within the established legislation, while the raw effluent and the treated effluent exceeded the maximum limit established by the CONAMA legislation (1000 NMP/100 mL). In the soils, thermotolerant coliforms were absent. Salmonella was absent in all samplesevaluated Foram isolated 178 bacterial strains, 104 from soils and 74 from waters, within the families Enterobacteriaceae (Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Serratia) and Pseudomoneaceae (Pseudomonas). Enterobacter bugandecensis was the abundant species in total, isolated in 6 of the 7 collection points, being the most found species in the soils.  Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most frequent species in water samples, where the production of KPC p AmpC can be observed. No production of beta-lactamases was observed in the soils, but ahigh level of resistance to the antimicrobials amoxicillins+clavulanic acid and cefoxitin, followed by Ciprofloxacin and ertapenem, was observed.  Thus, the data obtained in this work demonstrate the need for a microbiological monitoring in water quality so that it is disposed of through effluent in water bodies as well as to be used in irrigated agriculture. In addition, tracking the dispersion levels of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials helps in the epidemiological screening of antimicrobial resistance.

9
  • MARIA JOÃO FERREIRA CARNEIRO DOS SANTOS PIRES
  • Urban agriculture as an environment for the conservation of biodiversity of the edaphic fauna in the West Zone of the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro.

  • Advisor : MARIA ELIZABETH FERNANDES CORREIA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • LUIZ FERNANDO DUARTE DE MORAES
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • MARIA ELIZABETH FERNANDES CORREIA
  • Data: May 30, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • The practice of urban and peri-urban agriculture is an important alternative for food security and income generation for communities at social risk. However, beyond this perspective, urban agriculture is a tradition in the West Zone of the city of Rio de Janeiro, whose agricultural activities, in various cycles, date back to the 18th century. Currently, agroecological urban agriculture areas can also be seen as important remnants of biodiversity and providers of ecosystem services for more urbanized areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of agroecological urban agriculture areas to promote the conservation of soil fauna biodiversity. In addition, the objective was also to evaluate which soil attributes and landscape features most interfere with the occurrence and density of soil fauna. For this, 15 areas of urban agriculture were selected in the neighborhoods of Campo Grande and Vargem Grande, in the West Zone of the city of Rio de Janeiro, with vegetable planting, annual mixed crops, banana and persimmon cultivation predominantly under an agroforestry system. In each area, a transect was established with three sampling points, in which the soil mesofauna was sampled with a specific auger, in which litter and soil up to 10 cm were collected; earthworms sampled by the TSBF method at a depth of 0-10 cm and soil at the same depth for routine analysis of fertility and soil texture. Data were analyzed using a sequence of multivariate techniques, first using principal component analysis (PCA) to select soil attributes, representing the local scale of influence and percentages of landscape features: tree stratum, urbanized area, land cover by grasses, banana cultivation, other crops and exposed soil. The measurements of the percentages of the landscape features were performed using two buffers around the sampled area, 500 m and 250 m. For the selection of groups of fauna a multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) was performed. The determination of environmental factors at the local scale and at the 500 m and 250 m scales was carried out using the analysis of generalized linear models (GLM), through which it was possible to select models composed of variables that determine the occurrence and density of different groups of soil fauna selected. The most abundant groups were Acari, Collembola Entomobryomorpha and Formicidae. In the cultivated areas, Acari was the dominant group, while in the reference forest Entomobryomorpha was the most abundant group. At the local scale, pH was the attribute that most recurrently composed the models, and often with a negative sign, showing an inverse relationship between the pH value and the density of the faunal group. This result suggests pH as a good indicator for correlations with soil mesofauna and also with earthworms. The evaluation scale with a 500 m buffer did not present models that could clearly explain the influence of landscape features on soil fauna. The models selected for the 250 m scale, in turn, were able to select groups with greater affinity for crops and highly anthropized areas. As a conclusion of this work, it was observed that the areas of agroecological urban agriculture can maintain an abundant and diverse community of soil fauna, but with a different structure from that found in the native forest area used as a reference.

10
  • MARCELLE PORTÃO MORGADO
  • Structural quality of humified matter in different management systems in sandy and loamy textured soils accessed by spectroscopic techniques.

  • Advisor : ANDRES CALDERIN GARCIA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ANDRES CALDERIN GARCIA
  • CLÁUDIA POZZI JANTALIA
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • Data: May 30, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • The structural quality of humified organic matter can be assessed through spectroscopic techniques that allow us to analyze the chemical and structural properties of soil organic matter, providing information about its composition and stability. In sandy soils, where the nutrient and water retention capacity is generally lower, soil management can influence the structural quality of humified organic matter in various ways. In clayey soils, where the nutrient and water retention capacity is higher, soil management can also influence the structural quality of humified organic matter. Spectroscopic techniques indicate a greater presence of stable chemical bonds and functional groups associated with increased organic matter stability, enabling a better understanding of the effects of soil management on the formation and preservation of humified organic matter. Thus, the objectives of this study were to characterize the quality of soil organic matter through the extraction of humic substances: humic acids, fulvic acids, and humins in clayey and sandy soils under different management systems using spectroscopic techniques. Three managed areas and one reference area without anthropogenic action were evaluated in two experimental areas located in different locations and biomes, namely: an experimental area located in Terra Roxa-PR, with 25 years of no-tillage, 19 years of no-tillage, 45 years of conventional tillage, and vegetation from the Atlantic Forest biome, and an experimental area located in Uberaba-MG, with 6 years of no-tillage, 18 years of no-tillage, 20 years of conventional tillage, and vegetation from the Cerrado biome. All humic substances were obtained using the methodology of the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS), and ¹³C NMR CP MAS spectra were recorded under the same experimental conditions. The spectra were evaluated using ACD/Labs 2020 1.1 software. For chemometrics, the spectra underwent principal component analysis (PCA), multivariate curve resolution (MCR), and descriptive analyses using The Unscrambler software (version 10.4). The study concluded that the structural quality of humified matter is modified depending on the type of soil management adopted, the management time, and the soil texture. Agricultural practices associated with the duration of adoption directly influence the quantity and quality of organic matter, as well as its stability.

11
  • TIAGO PAULA DA SILVA
  • Soil aggregates as quality indicators in organic farming areas in sandy soils of the Baixada Fluminense, RJ

  • Advisor : MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • NIVALDO SCHULTZ
  • ELIANE MARIA RIBEIRO DA SILVA
  • Data: Jun 12, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • In the Baixada Fluminense, soils with a sandier texture and low levels of organic carbon in the surface layer are predominant. These areas are commonly cultivated with conventional methods, promoting the intensification of soil degradation, decreasing its productive capacity. The use of conservationist practices is necessary to minimize these impacts, in order to improve productivity and soil quality. One of the practices that can be used is the organic cultivation system associated with the no-till farming system (NT), and some indicators are used to verify the quality of the soil; aggregation is one of these important indicators. The present study was divided into two chapters, in chapter I (2021) - the objective was to evaluate the influence of different management systems and vegetation cover on the pathways of aggregate formation (biogenic and physiogenic), in addition to evaluating the influence of these attributes on fertility levels and organic carbon contents, and their fractions. In the second (2022), bacterial diversity was additionally evaluated.  The study was conducted in the organic production unit Sítio do Sol, in the region of Baixada Fluminense - RJ. The experimental design in both chapters was 3x2x2, with three repetitions, in which two management systems were evaluated, no-tillage system (NT) and conventional system (CT). The mulches in chapter I were different in each chapter, in the first one three mulches were evaluated, namely; C1: cocktail 1 - (crotalaria - Crotalaria juncea (20 kg ha-1, Jack Bean - Canavalia ensiformis - 150 kg ha-1 and millet - Pennisetum glaucum - 60 kg ha-1), C2: cocktail 2 (with 50% of the number of seeds used in C1), and P.E: spontaneous plants. While in chapter II, form C2: cocktail 2 (with 50% of the number of seeds used in C1), M: Millet (Pennisetum glaucum - 60 kg ha-1), and CJ: Crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea - 40 kg ha-1). Undisturbed samples of 0-5 and 5-10 cm were randomly collected in Chapter I, while in Chapter II undisturbed samples of 0-10 cm were taken from the crop row. From these samples, aggregates with diameters between 9.7 and 8.0 mm were classified according to the formation route (biogenic or physicogenic). From these, the chemical attributes (pH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, P, Na+, K+) and also the carbon fractions (total organic carbon - TOC, mineral-associated organic carbon - MAOC, particulate organic carbon - POC, and free light fraction carbon - FFC) were quantified, in both chapters. In chapter II, bacterial characterization was also performed, from samples, regarding richness and diversity. Chapter I concluded that from 0-5 cm there is a higher proportion of biogenic aggregates, without influence of the different management and cover systems. SC is associated with higher levels of soil fertility. In Chapter II, the proportion of biogenic aggregates was higher than physiogenic aggregates at 0-10 cm depth, without significant influence of the different management systems and covers. The fertility levels are higher in the CT, there was no statistical difference between the formation paths and different mulches. The M cover is associated with higher POC values and lower MAOC values. The management system influenced the bacterial richness and diversity, being the highest abundance connected to NT.

12
  • THIAGO REZENDE LIMA DO CARMO
  • Balance of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium in Brazilian Agriculture from 2000 to 2020
  • Advisor : SEGUNDO SACRAMENTO URQUIAGA CABALLERO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • SEGUNDO SACRAMENTO URQUIAGA CABALLERO
  • EVERALDO ZONTA
  • JOSE CARLOS POLIDORO
  • Data: Jun 30, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • Agricultural and livestock production in Brazil is increasing significantly. The harvested area of agricultural crops has increased by 64% in the last three decades, reaching 83 million hectares in 2020. Additionally, there have been improvements in agricultural productivity and an increase in animal production (IBGE, 2022), leading to a higher volume of agricultural inputs being used. The objective of this study was to calculate the balance of N, P, and K in Brazilian agriculture between the years 2000 and 2020, using the OECD recommendations (2007ab) and making adaptations to the national reality. The inputs considered in the balance included synthetic fertilizers, vinasse, swine and poultry manure applied as organic fertilizers, biological nitrogen fixation, seed and seedling use for planting, and atmospheric deposition. The outputs considered were the production of all 65 agricultural crops currently accounted by IBGE (2022) and beef production. The balance of N, P, and K in Brazilian agriculture records surpluses in all the years studied, which, although it may contribute to environmental pollution risks, is explained and justified by the significant impact of national agriculture on global environmental security, in a context where a large portion of soils have low nutrient levels. Regarding nitrogen, it is observed that Brazilian agriculture is dependent on the process of biological nitrogen fixation, as approximately 50% of the N input is derived from this source. For P and K, the application of synthetic fertilizers is the main input source for these nutrients in the balance, accounting for approximately 85% and 70%, respectively.

13
  • JÉSSICA FRANCIELE KAMINSKI RAMOS
  • Chemical, mineralogical characterization and agronomic efficiency of different phosphates.

  • Advisor : BRUNO JOSÉ RODRIGUES ALVES
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • BRUNO JOSÉ RODRIGUES ALVES
  • ADELSON PAULO DE ARAUJO
  • PAULO CÉSAR TEIXEIRA
  • Data: Jul 11, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • The high demand for phosphate fertilizers in Brazil and the external dependence on these inputs, mostly imported, highlight the need to develop domestic strategies to meet the P deficiency of Brazilian soils. The country has an enormous potential for exploiting these sources, both in terms of national reserves of phosphate rock and the use of agricultural waste. The origin of these materials and their chemical composition are directly related to agronomic efficiency. This work had the objective: (i) to characterize and (ii) to evaluate the agronomic performance of phosphates of different origins, including sedimentary phosphates (Arraias-TO; Bonito-MS; Pratápolis-MG; Algeria; Bayóvar; Morocco), igneous phosphates (Catalão-GO, Jacupiranga-SP, Registro-SP), biophosphates (Bonechar, digestate) and a reference phosphate, triple superphosphate (STP). Mineralogical and chemical analyses were performed to characterize the phosphates. A simplified methodology for determining total P and soluble P in 2% citric acid was addressed, comparing it with the official MAPA method. The soluble P content was extracted by different organic acids and then correlated with agronomic performance results in corn. The greenhouse experiment was conducted in an entirely randomized design, with 12 treatments and four repetitions, including the different phosphates and a control treatment (without P). Two corn crops were grown, each lasting 45 days. The aerial dry mass (ADM) and the foliar contents of P, N, K, Ca and Mg were evaluated. The results of the comparison between the methods for determining P showed excellent agreement, indicating that the simplified methodology is a viable alternative in the analysis of phosphate fertilizers. Biophosphates, from agricultural by-products, had high solubility in all organic extractors. Formic acid 2% had the highest capacity to solubilize reactive phosphates. Bonechar had equivalent agronomic efficiency to STP in both crops. Fertilization with biophosphates in the second crop resulted in higher P accumulation than STP. Reactive sedimentary phosphates were equivalent to STP in agronomic efficiency.  The national, sedimentary and igneous phosphates, considered of lower quality due to their low reactivity, showed higher agronomic efficiency in the second crop. The formic acid 2% and oxalic acid 2% were excellent indicators of the production of MSPA and the accumulated P in the first crop. Citric acid 2% was a reliable indicator of the production of DMPA. Fertilization with biophosphates and sedimentary phosphates for direct use in agriculture can be an alternative in supplying P in Brazilian soils.

14
  • GABRIEL DUARTE MIRANDA
  • Proposal for a Teaching Improvement Course based on the Concept of Soil Security: A Case Study of the 'Connectivity' Dimension at the Institution Museu de Solos do Brasil (MSB/UFRRJ).

  • Advisor : MARCOS BACIS CEDDIA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • DAVID VILAS BOAS DE CAMPOS
  • MARCOS BACIS CEDDIA
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • Data: Jul 28, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • Soil is a fundamental terrestrial component, a dynamic natural resource and susceptible to degradation. In the last decade, the adoption of the Soil Security concept has emerged as a more comprehensive and complete soil assessment tool. Its 'connectivity' dimension aims to determine society's vision and relationship with the soil, through knowledge, education, awareness, etc. This dimension is capable of acting as an instrument of Soil Science and Soil Education, promoting ethics and care for the soil and emphasizing the recognition and reconnection between society and soil. Despite this, there is a worrying scenario: deficiencies in teacher training related to the theme, short or zero time and space in the classroom, outdatedness, error or incompatibility of teaching materials and watertight teaching-learning processes. In this conjecture, teacher improvement courses can act to solve such shortcomings. As for Education, museums play a significant role, disseminating culture, knowledge and intercultural dialogue. These become relevant for the improvement of teachers, by relating the experience of these institutions to school teaching-learning processes and allowing direct contact with scientific dissemination. In this context, this study was dedicated to developing the structure of the Teacher Improvement Course project, at the level of Basic Education, in Soils, for the MSB/UFRRJ, through the 'Connectivity' dimension of Soil Security. Thus, a methodology based on three pillars was adopted: characterization of the target audience of MSB/UFRRJ by survey and tabulation of the attendance book between October 2014 and August 2022, integrative bibliographic review for selection of guiding documents and elaboration of the project of teacher improvement course. From the results obtained, it was observed that in the evaluated period, the MSB/UFRRJ received 1612 visitors, where 42% were male, 55% female and 3% it was not possible to identify the gender. The year 2019 was the most representative in terms of visits (970 visits). Of the 439 visitors who registered their place of residence, 411 identified themselves as Brazilians and residents of the state of RJ. Of the total number of visitors, 564 had some connection (student, teacher, employee or public employee) with educational institutions in the state of RJ. Subsequently, an integrative bibliographical review was carried out, where the 'Law of Guidelines and Bases of Education' - Law Nº9.394/96, CNE/CES Nº263/2006, Resolution CNE/CEB Nº02/1997, the Manual for Implementation of Soil Education Initiatives, the Teacher Training Course Project: Degree in Professional Education for Graduates - Pedagogical Complementation and the Pedagogical Project of the Graduate Program in Agronomy - Soil Science - UFRRJ was selected as guiding documents. Finally, the structural scope of CADS-MSB/UFRRJ was outlined: its mission, general and specific objectives, requirements and forms of access, egress profile and professional field of activity, legal foundations, theoretical-methodological basis and curricular organization, evaluation system, infrastructure, teaching staff, possible partner institutions, graduation, project evaluation, follow-up of graduates and expected results after project completion. As a pioneering initiative, the CADS-MSB/UFRRJ aims to generate positive transforming impacts in the economic, social and environmental spheres.

15
  • KENNEDY XAVIER DA SILVA JÚNIOR
  • Strategy for the use of enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers in the sustainable production of corn for silage

  • Advisor : EVERALDO ZONTA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ADRIANO PORTZ
  • EVERALDO ZONTA
  • LEANDRO AZEVEDO SANTOS
  • Data: Aug 1, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • High losses due to nitrogen volatilization in ammoniacal nitrogen fertilizers, mainly urea, when applied on the soil surface in addition to the decrease in labor supply, have led farmers to seek new strategies to reduce field operation and increase nutrient use efficiency. This work aimed to assess the effectiveness of a single nitrogen application at planting, using enhanced efficiency fertilizers and urea at different doses of nitrogen (40, 80, 120 and 160 kg of N ha-1), to know whether this application strategy would be sufficient to meet the nitrogen demand by the plant throughout its cycle. In parallel, split application was carried out, for comparison purposes, with 30% of the nutrient dose at planting and the remainder at side dressing at the V6 phenological stage of the corn plant. The experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Research Corporation of the State of Rio de Janeiro – PESAGRO, in Seropédica (RJ). The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks in a 2x4x2 factorial scheme (2 fertilizer sources, 4 nitrogen doses and 2 application modes), with four replications. Parameters such as green mass productivity, plant height, stem diameter and ear weight were measured. The chlorophyll content was also determined at the V3, V7, V11, and VT development stages, using a chlorophyll meter, as well as the nitrogen content at the same stages through the sulfuric digestion method. The data set was analyzed using R statistical software, the means compared by Tukey's test at a 5% probability level and regression analysis was used for the doses. The results revealed that the strategies used for nitrogen supply, as well as the different doses and sources tested, did not affect the silage green mass productivity, plant height and ear weight. The enhanced efficiency fertilizer applied at side dressing at the dose of 80 kg of N ha-1 produced plants with larger stem diameters, reflecting directly on the silage green mass productivity. This suggests that the relationship between productivity and nitrogen doses is not strictly linear. Both sources of fertilizers adequately supplied nitrogen to the plants at different doses and management strategies. On the other hand, the dose of 40 kg of N ha-1 applied at planting did not supply enough nitrogen, which impaired the implementation of this strategy and dose under the conditions the experiment was conducted.

16
  • JOÃO GUEDES BORRÉ
  • Nitrogen cycling in tropical pastures mixed with forage legume or fertilized with nitrogen.

  • Advisor : SEGUNDO SACRAMENTO URQUIAGA CABALLERO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • SEGUNDO SACRAMENTO URQUIAGA CABALLERO
  • ADELSON PAULO DE ARAUJO
  • DANIEL RUME CASAGRANDE
  • Data: Sep 12, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • The decline in pasture productivity is an increasingly recurrent process in tropical regions. The extensive nature of animal husbandry on pasture, combined with scarce N replacement, favors the process of pasture degradation. In the current scenario, this phenomenon corresponds to the main limiting factor of Brazilian livestock production. The integration of legumes in pastures is the most promising alternative for recovering degraded pastures (RPD). By fixing atmospheric N2, these plants increase the input of N into the pasture, inhibiting the degradation process. This study aimed to compare N cycling in pastures of Urochloa spp. intercropped with legumes or fertilized with N. The experiment was carried out during two years divided into two seasons, Águas and Seca. The design used was a case-by-case block design with three treatments and four replications. The treatments were: Urochloa brizantha cv Marandu fertilized with 138 kg of N ha-1 year-1 (N-fert); Urochloa brizantha cv Marandu with Macrotyloma axillare cv. Java (Consortium); Urochloa brizantha cv Marandu not fertilized with N (Control). The animals were kept under continuous stocking with a variable stocking rate and forage supply (FO) was adopted as a grazing management criterion. The presence of the legume favored the stock of total N in the forage mass (MF, kg N ha-1), and in the Consortium it became equivalent to the N stored in the biomass of the fertilized pasture. N management did not affect existing litter (LE,) and N stock in LE (kg N ha-1). In N-Fert, a higher rate of litter deposition was observed (LD, kg ha day-1; p = 0.0003), however the proportion of N cycled by LD was 33.5 and 45.8% higher in Consortium compared to to N-Fert and Control, respectively (p < .0001). Both LE and LD on the basis of MO showed higher values in the Dry, in view of the higher rate of senescence in the aerial part of the plant. The N applied in the system did not act as a determining factor in litter decomposition. Environmental factors such as temperature and precipitation favored the rate of decomposition in the rainy season (p = 0.009). The contribution of Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) followed the same behavior pattern as the legume mass throughout the experiment, indicating higher values in the Waters compared to the Dry, respectively. Similar values referring to N intake and excretion, per animal, were found between treatments. The highest N excretion per area (kg ha-1 season-1) was observed in N-Fert (p = 0.010), probably due to the increase in animal stocking. In general, a positive N balance was observed in the soil-plant-animal system in the N-Fert and Consortium treatments, with 106 and 132 kg N ha-1 year-1, respectively. Conversely, pastures without nitrogen fertilization showed a negative N balance of -27 kg ha-1 yr-1. These results suggest that the input through nitrogen fertilization or intercropping with Macrotyloma in the pasture has a great influence on the maintenance of N reserves in the soil.

17
  • FERNANDO JOSÉ PEREIRA FERREIRA
  • Use of biochar to reduce the solubility of heavy metals during chicken litter composting.

  • Advisor : NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ANA CAROLINA CALLEGARIO PEREIRA
  • ERICA SOUTO ABREU LIMA
  • NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • Data: Sep 15, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • The use of agricultural waste to fertilize crops, mainly vegetables, such as chicken litter (CF), has been adopted by producers throughout Brazil. However, the application of organic waste without prior treatment and indiscriminately has contributed to the contamination of the environment and food produced by heavy metals. The composting process reduces the bioavailability of some heavy metals in the waste, however this reduction has not been observed for lead. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the potential of biochar (BC) added to CF, in reducing the bioavailability of heavy metals during the composting process. The treatments consisted of different proportions of BC that were added to CF, prior to composting (absence (0%); 5%; 10%, and 15%, based on dry weight), and the different composting times evaluated. (fresh CF (0); 30; 60, and 90 days). The test was carried out in a completely randomized experimental design. It was found that treatments with the addition of BC reached higher temperatures when compared to treatments without BC. Regarding pH, the composted CF, with the lowest doses of BC (0% and 5%), showed a more significant increase in pH compared to treatments with the highest doses (10% and 15%). With regard to electrical conductivity and density, the highest dose (15%) presented higher values in relation to the other treatments. Considering the evolution of CO2, in treatments that received BC, after 30 days of composting there was a greater emission of CO2 in treatments with 10% and 15% BC. However, in relation to carbon content, a reduction in carbon content was observed in treatments with the addition of BC. These results clearly demonstrated that the addition of BC to CF favored microbial activity, accelerating the mineralization of CF during composting. It was also found that the addition of biochar to CF during composting reduced N losses in the form of NH3. The results of the bioavailable levels of heavy metals in the compost and accumulated in the plant demonstrated the effective potential of biochar in reducing bioavailability, including for lead. For the chicken litter composting process, the addition of biochar showed the best results for the immobilization of heavy metals. Since, among the composting times and dosages tested, the retention of metals was more notable in the 90-day period and with a dosage of 15% biochar.

18
  • CLENYA CARLA LEANDRO DE OLIVEIRA
  • Generation of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) capable of metabolizing phosphite as a strategy to enhance phosphorus use efficiency

  • Advisor : LEANDRO AZEVEDO SANTOS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • EVERALDO ZONTA
  • LEANDRO AZEVEDO SANTOS
  • LEANDRO MARTINS FERREIRA
  • Data: Sep 15, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • Phosphorus is one of the elements that most frequently limits crop yields, especially in highly weathered soils. Its availability in nature, in the soil, and efficient use of fertilizers are constant concerns for sustainable agriculture. The greatest challenge in using phosphate fertilizers is sustaining the growing global population, given that they are a finite, non-renewable resource with unevenly distributed reserves primarily concentrated in a few countries. In light of this scenario, developing strategies for more efficient use of phosphorus in agricultural systems has motivated many researchers in the field of agricultural sciences worldwide. The objective of this study was to produce modified rice plants capable of metabolizing phosphite, converting it into phosphate. In this study, a genetic construct was produced in which the PtxD gene from Pseudomonas stutzeri was synthesized with codon optimization for rice (Oryza sativa L) and placed under the control of the maize ubiquitin 1 promoter, ensuring strong and constitutive gene expression in rice. Embryogenic calli originating from the scutellum of mature rice seeds were infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying the genetic construct ZmUBIL1:PtxD:t-NOS. The selection marker used was the gene encoding hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt), an enzyme capable of degrading the antibiotic hygromycin. After selecting resistant calli, 44 transgenic lines were regenerated in vitro, acclimated in a plant growth chamber, and grown in a greenhouse until obtaining seeds from the first generation (T1). During the cultivation of the lines, leaf samples were collected, and DNA was extracted to confirm the transformation, which was achieved through a PCR reaction to amplify the PtxD gene and other segments of the genetic construct. Positive lines were grown again to produce seeds for the second generation (T2) and identify plants homozygous for the construct. The ability of the transformed plants to metabolize phosphite was tested by cultivating them in a nutrient solution containing 0.2 mM phosphite as the sole source of phosphorus. Three lines were selected for their ability to develop satisfactorily in a nutrient solution with phosphite as the sole source of phosphorus.

19
  • KELLIS FERNANDA AMANCIO MOREIRA
  • Water requirement and production of zinnias (Zinnias elegans Jacq.) cultivated with silicate fertilization and automated irrigation levels

  • Advisor : DANIEL FONSECA DE CARVALHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • CARLOS RODRIGUES PEREIRA
  • DANIEL FONSECA DE CARVALHO
  • LEONARDO OLIVEIRA MEDICI
  • Data: Sep 27, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • Zinnia cv "Gigante da California" is gaining popularity as a cut flower in North America, with growth expected in Brazilian market. A key factor in cut flower production is water availability and techniques such as controlled water deficit has proven effective in maximizing water use efficiency. Silicon is a non-essential element with bio-stimulant effects, and it has been used in agriculture to mitigate the effects of water stress. This study aimed to evaluate the production, quality, and post-harvest longevity of zinnia floral stems cultivated under different irrigation levels and doses of potassium silicate (K2SiO3). In the greenhouse, zinnia seedlings were grown in 8 L pots filled with a mixture of sandy soil and bovine manure (2.0:0.5). The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks (DBC) in a 4x4 factorial scheme, with five repetitions. The irrigation levels corresponded to 59, 72, 85, and 100% of the plant's water requirement (NH), associated with 0, 75, 150, and 300 mg plant-1 Si in the form of potassium silicate (K₂SiO₃), applied at seven-day intervals, totaling five applications. Irrigation management was performed through an automatic controller, with the sensor installed in the treatment corresponding to 100% NH and doses of 300 mg plant-1 of Si (control). During the experiment, chlorophyll a, b, and total were evaluated in the initial phase of seedlings and at the beginning of harvesting phase. During the harvest, measurements such as stem length, number of leaves, stem and flower diameter, leaf area, fresh mass, and dry mass of flowers, leaves, and stems were taken, in addition, their classification according to commercial standards were evaluated. During the post-harvest period, variations in fresh weight (VPF), water absorption rate (TAA), senescence scale, and silicon levels in leaves and flowers were assessed. The volume of water applied during the experiment corresponded to irrigation levels of 3.3, 3.9, 4.4, and 5.2 L plant-1. Among the production parameters analyzed, it was observed that irrigation influenced stem length, flower diameter, and fresh mass, with higher irrigation levels resulting in longer stems, larger flowers, and higher biomass. In addition, doses of 150 mg plant-1 Si showed the highest production of dry mass for both leaves and flowers. There was also an interaction between treatments regarding flower diameter and fresh mass. Increasing doses of silicon negatively affected flower diameter, with higher silicon doses leading to smaller flowers. Furthermore, the classification of stems showed that higher irrigation levels resulted in more stems meeting commercial standards. The results also indicated an interaction between treatments in chlorophyll levels and leaf area. A significant interaction was observed between doses of 150 mg plant-1 Si and irrigation levels of 4.4 L plant-1 in chlorophyll b and total. The highest irrigation level (5.2 L plant-1) resulted in a larger leaf area, and a general trend of increasing leaf area with increasing silicon doses was observed, although this trend was not uniform across all irrigation levels. Irrigation levels influenced silicon levels in zinnia leaves, with higher Si concentrations observed as irrigation levels increased, ranging from 1.4 to 2.4%, while flowers maintained an average concentration of 0.5% of Si, regardless of the treatment. Regarding post-harvest, water absorption and fresh weight of zinnia stems followed a similar pattern, with an initial increase in the first 24 hours after harvest, stability for about five to six days, and subsequent loss of fresh weight. The commercial longevity of the stems was 6.4 days, with no significant difference between treatments, but total longevity ranged from 9.7 to 12.7 days, influenced by irrigation levels, with a significant increase in longevity in plants treated with 75 mg plant-1 Si under irrigation levels of 3.9 and 4.4 L plant-1. In general, replenishing the water requirement of zinnias results in higher production and quality, while the addition of silicon to the soil increases leaf area and stem biomass, although higher doses may reduce flower diameter. However, lower doses extend stem longevity, highlighting the need for further research on the bio-stimulant effects of silicon in flower production.

Thesis
1
  • ISRAEL OLIVEIRA RAMALHO
  • Soil N2O emissions under Brachiaria pastures managed with nitrogen fertilization or mixed with forage legumes

  • Advisor : ROBERT MICHAEL BODDEY
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ROBERT MICHAEL BODDEY
  • ADELSON PAULO DE ARAUJO
  • NIVALDO SCHULTZ
  • CLÁUDIA DE PAULA REZENDE
  • DANIEL RUME CASAGRANDE
  • Data: Jan 31, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • Of the greenhouse gases (GHG) of greatest importance in livestock, nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the gases with the greatest potential for global warming compared to carbon dioxide (CO2). In pastures its emission occurs mainly due to the deposition of excreta with high N content on the soil under anaerobic conditions. There is great uncertainty regarding direct and indirect emission factors (EFN2O) for bovine excreta in tropical regions. For this reason, the objectives of this study were - Chapter I: to carry out a systematic review to compile EFN2O values of excreta from animals in Brazil and to analyze the EFN2O of excreta by the FEurine:FEfeces ratio; in Chapter II: to evaluate in mixed pastures of Urochloa brizantha cultivar Marandu with Macrotyloma axillare (Mixed) or of Marandu in monoculture without fertilization (Control) or with fertilization of 138 kg N.ha-1.year-1 (N- fert), under continuous stocking; Chapter III: measure N2O emissions, volatilization of ammonia (NH3) from feces and urine and perform a mass balance of urine N using the 15N labeling technique. The results of the attempt to estimate mean values of EFN2O for Brazil were satisfactory and the values were similar to the EF for humid climate proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The meta-analytical statistical approach proved to be sensitive for finding responses between the EFs of urine and feces in relation to edaphic factors, group and diet of the animals and duration of the experiment. The results of these analyses emphasised the need for disaggregation between feces and urine, in addition were able to assist in the disaggregation of EF in other environmental conditions. In comparison with the fertilized (N-fert) and Control grass pasture, the Mixed obtained a diet with a higher protein content and greater digestibility, with a higher nitrogen (N) intake by the animals, without increasing N excretion or direct emission or indirect N2O. The animals in the Mixed treatment maintained the same weight gain as in the N-fert and Control treatment. Therefore, the use of M. axillare can be a tool for GHG mitigation in a tropical pasture system. Rainfall showed a strong influence on pasture quality and animal performance. However, there was no difference between pasture types in pasture quality and animal performance. Climate also affected the fate of N after deposition of excreta in the soil. The Rainy period was more susceptible to N loss by leaching. Regardless of the time of year, soil is the major destination of urine N. The EF were much lower than the averages compiled by the IPCC. The partitioning between excretion of N-urine:N-feces was also below established (0,66:0,34). It is recommended, therefore, that further studies should be carried out to disaggregate EFN2O from bovine excreta and the partitioning of N excreted by pasture quality in tropical climates.

2
  • DANIELLE FRANÇA DE OLIVEIRA TORCHIA
  • Development of a soil regenerating organomineral with microcarbon technology and slow release of K

  • Advisor : ANDRES CALDERIN GARCIA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ANDRES CALDERIN GARCIA
  • RICARDO LUIZ LOURO BERBARA
  • FABIANA ABREU DE REZENDE
  • MARCIO OSVALDO LIMA MAGALHÃES
  • ORLANDO CARLOS HUERTAS TAVARES
  • Data: Feb 27, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • Technologies are developed to ease this need to import and optimize the use of fertilizers. One of them is the production of "smart" organomineral fertilizer, which consists of a physical mixture or combination of mineral and organic sources in different proportions, according to the needs of the crop. The practice of recycling organic waste is economically and environmentally viable and allows the recovery of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, in addition to contributing to increasing organic matter in the soil, which allows for an improvement in the physical structure, water retention capacity and supply of nutrients to plants. Among the organic residues used is Biochar, which is the product of thermal decomposition of raw material, mainly biomass, and which has a structure rich in carbon. Because it is recalcitrant carbon, its addition to the soil can also bring several benefits such as increased porosity, water retention capacity, habitat for microorganisms, slow release of nutrients, among others. In addition, humic substances consist of humified organic matter, which has a more labile structure than Biochar, and therefore has less time in the soil. Humic substances are composed of different fractions, which are distinguished according to their solubility. Therefore, the present work presents the following hypotheses: a) The production of Biochars using different biomasses and different pyrolysis temperatures will provide a varied chemical structure to these materials; b) Slow-release organomineral fertilizers produced from a source of K, biochar and humic acid are efficient in making the nutrient available in time for plant absorption; c) The coating of phosphate fertilizer with humic acid and biochar optimizes the release of the nutrient to the plant. To test these hypotheses, the work was organized into three chapters: I - Production of biochar as an alternative for recycling plant waste and sewage sludge: Structural monitoring of the pyrolysis process. The objective was to produce Biochars from eucalyptus shavings, eucalyptus chips, and sewage sludge, at temperatures of 300, 400, and 500 ºC and to verify their structural, morphological, and chemical characteristics; II - Synergistic action of biochar and humic acid in granulated and pelleted potassium fertilizers. It aimed to test the development of rice plants with the application of slow-release organomineral fertilizers produced from a source of K, biochar and humic acid mixed and agglomerated through pasturing and granulator; III - Production, characterization and application of phosphate fertilizers in multilayer humic acid and biochar. The objective was to verify the influence of layers of biochar and humic acid in phosphate fertilizer on the release of P for the absorption of rice plants.

3
  • GABRIELLA FRANCISCO PEREIRA BORGES DE OLIVEIRA
  • Influence of liming with Lithothamnium calcareum on the movement and persistence of Atrazine and S-metolachlor herbicides in the soil

  • Advisor : EVERALDO ZONTA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • ALEXANDRE LIOI NASCENTES
  • CAMILA FERREIRA DE PINHO
  • ERICA SOUTO ABREU LIMA
  • CRISTINA MOLL HUTHER
  • Daniel Valadão Silva
  • Data: Apr 28, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • Soil incubation was performed with dolomitic limestone and Lithothamniumcalcareum for soil pH equal to 6.0. Assay to evaluate the growth and absorption of nutrients by maize plants was carried out up to 42 days after emergence (DAE), proceeding with the collection of the plants. Plants were analyzed for shoot height (SH), root height (RH), shoot dry mass (SDM) and root dry mass (RDM), as well as determining nutrient levels in plant tissues. The leaching potential of atrazine and S-metolachlor was estimated in PVC columns filled with soil, taking samples every 10 cm for ultra performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) analysis. The persistence of atrazine and S-metolachlor was evaluated by collecting soil samples at different times between 1 and 150 days after application (DAA) of herbicides in the soil. Soil samples were analyzed by UHPLC and by biological assay. Higher means of SH, RH, SDM and RDM were observed in the soil with liming compared to the soil without liming. Calcium and magnesium contents in plant tissues were higher in soil with liming compared to soil without liming and micronutrients contents were higher in soil without liming compared to soil with liming. The soil without liming showed a higher concentration of atrazine up to 20 cm depth and the treatments with dolomitic limestone and Lithothamniumcalcareum showed a higher concentration of atrazine at a depth of 30 to 40 cm and 10 to 20 cm, respectively. The soil without liming showed a higher concentration of S-metolachlor at a depth of 20 to 30 cm and the treatments with dolomitic limestone and Lithothamniumcalcareum showed a higher concentration of S-metolachlor at a depth of 10 to 20 cm and from 0 to 10 cm, respectively. The half-life of the atrazine herbicide was equal to 8 days for all treatments and of the S-metolachlor herbicide was equal to 12 days for the soil without liming and with liming using Lithothamniumcalcareum and equal to 13 days for the soil with liming using dolomitic limestone. Cucumber plants were controlled up to 90 DAA for all treatments. The sorghum plants were controlled up to 15 DAA in the soil without liming and up to 30 DAA in the soil with liming using dolomitic limestone and Lithothamniumcalcareum. Soil liming favors maize plant growth in a similar way for both calcium sources. Soil liming favors the absorption of calcium and magnesium and disfavors the absorption of micronutrients. Soil liming increases the leaching potential of the atrazine herbicide and reduces the leaching potential of the S-metolachlor herbicide, with the sorption capacity of Lithothamniumcalcareum being greater compared to dolomitic limestone for both herbicides. Soil liming does not significantly alter the half-life of atrazine and S-metolachlor herbicides, but promotes increased persistence of S-metolachlor herbicide in the soil using both dolomitic limestone and Lithothamniumcalcareum.

4
  • LAIZ DE OLIVEIRA SILVA
  • Water Use Optimization in Tree Species Seedlings Produced with Biosolid, Shading Levels and Cattle Wastewater

  • Advisor : DANIEL FONSECA DE CARVALHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • DANIEL FONSECA DE CARVALHO
  • JOSE CARLOS ARTHUR JUNIOR
  • LEONARDO DUARTE BATISTA DA SILVA
  • JONATHAS BATISTA GONÇALVES SILVA
  • MAGALI RIBEIRO DA SILVA
  • Data: May 18, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • The preservation and recovery of the environment associated with the rational use of water resources are crucial actions in the quest for sustainability of the planet. Thus, the use of alternative solutions in the production chain of seedlings of tree species becomes increasingly important, with a view, above all, to the forest preservation of deforested biomes. The controlled management of irrigation in nurseries associated with the use of wastewater and sewage sludge can minimize environmental impacts, in addition to the use of water resources and energy costs in the production of seedlings. From June 2021 to March 2022, controlled experiments were carried out with the objective of evaluating the production of seedlings of tree species native to the Atlantic Forest with different depths and irrigation water quality, and shading levels. In the first experiment, supply water (T1) and cattle wastewater (CWW) treated with ozonation for 1 (T2) and 2 h (T3) were applied at doses of 100; 83.3; 66.7 and 56.7% of water variation in Dalbergia nigra seedlings, cultivated with biosolid, using shading levels of 37.6 (C2); 49.4 (C3) and 75.8% (C4), and in full sun (C1). With the ozonation of CWW, there was an increase
    in pH and a reduction in electrical conductivity, total solids and turbidity, allowing its use for irrigation of forest seedlings. The largest volumes of water applied ranged from 1,556 (T3C1) to 2,342 L plant-1 (T2C1). The CWW adopted seedling growth, mainly with the 1 h treatment, providing a Dickson quality index (DQI) of 2.34 in full sun, and better water productivity (3.8 g L-1), with supply total water requirement of the seedlings (100%). When planted in a forest restoration area, the initial vegetative growth of the seedlings benefited from the nutrients supplied by the ARB. In the second experiment, Cariniana estrellensis and Gallesia integrifolia
    seedlings were produced with shading levels and supply water as a source for supplemental irrigation. The seedlings received, on average, from 2.97 to 3.94 L plant -1 (C. estrellensis) and from 3.31 to 3.83 L plant -1 (G. integrifólia). C. estrellensis seedlings cultivated with higher levels of shading (49.4% and 75.8%) showed greater growth both in the nursery and in the field, after 12 months of monitoring, reaching a height of up to 76 cm, on average. G. integrifolia seedlings produced with 49.4% shading showed better performance in height and diameter during the nursery phase and better adaptation after transplanting. These results can be used as
    decision support tools for the rural population, logging companies and state forest management structures for silviculture.

5
  • WESLEY DOS SANTOS SOUZA
  • Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in soil under Marandu grass pasture (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) in monoculture and mixed with forage legume.
  • Advisor : SEGUNDO SACRAMENTO URQUIAGA CABALLERO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • CAIO DE TEVES INÁCIO
  • CLÁUDIA POZZI JANTALIA
  • ERIKA FLAVIA MACHADO PINHEIRO
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • SEGUNDO SACRAMENTO URQUIAGA CABALLERO
  • Data: May 26, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • Due to the current scenario of climate change that has been causing global warming, there is a need to adopt strategies to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Among the various areas of action to mitigate greenhouse gases emissions, the agriculture is responsible for a large part of emissions in Brazil. There is a need to implement systems with potential for soil carbon sequestration. Therefore, this study aimed to: 1- Assess whether the use of a system with pasture mixed with forage legumes will be efficient in the carbon sequestration as a monoculture system fertilized with nitrogen. 2- To study the impact on the carbon and nitrogen accumulation in the soil after the system implantation in the same year, evaluating pastures with and without fertilized with nitrogen or mixed with forage legumes in two regions under different edaphoclimatic conditions. To achieve these objectives, three experiments were performed, where 1- systems with productive pasture of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu with mixed pasture of forage peanut (Arachis pintoi)-Marandu grass 8 after pasture of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) fertilized with N, 2- study installed in two areas located in regions with different edaphoclimatic experimental conditions, where they were solved systems with Marandu grass pasture with and without nitrogen fertilization and intercropped with forage leguminous, in addition to also evaluating older existing systems and the area of native vegetation in the surroundings. In all systems, soil samples were collected for analysis of soil density, carbon, and nitrogen concentration and 13C isotopic abundance. As results found with these studies, for the implementation of systems that favor carbon sequestration in the soil, systems with pastures intercropped with forage legumes (Arachis pintoi and Desmodium ovalifolium) are recommended, as they accumulate carbon at similar or even higher rates than yeast-fertilized monoculture pasture systems. Systems with well-managed pastures, in monoculture or intercropping, had high rates of carbon sequestration in the initial years after implementation and reduce with advancing years of improvement until reaching a balance. This interferes with the use of the short-term sequestration rate to project the GHG mitigation potential of long-term systems. The improved system for carbon credit purposes and GHG mitigation projects, aimed at storing and sequestering carbon in the soil, respond differently when updated in rules with edaphoclimatic conditions and/or history of management prior to different implementation.

6
  • STÉFANNY APARECIDA RIBEIRO
  • Adaptation of the gongcomposting process for use in the metropolitan region of the city of Rio de Janeiro

  • Advisor : MARIA ELIZABETH FERNANDES CORREIA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • MARIA ELIZABETH FERNANDES CORREIA
  • ERIKA FLAVIA MACHADO PINHEIRO
  • EVERALDO ZONTA
  • LUIZ FERNANDO DE SOUSA ANTUNES
  • MARTA DOS SANTOS FREIRE RICCI DE AZEVEDO
  • Data: May 29, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • Millicompost is considered an important biological decomposition mechanism of organic waste to obtain high quality organic substrates. It presents itself as a technique that is characterized by the use of millipedes of different species, which in partnership with microorganisms act in the decomposition of different types of organic vegetable residues generated in urban and rural agricultural properties, considered important sources of nutrients. In this sense, the objective of this work was to conduct and evaluate the adaptation process of millicompost, from the use of vegetable waste from backyards, tree pruning, lawn mowing, among other urban activities, using it as a fragmenting agent gongolos, also known as 'snake lice'. In Chapter I it was observed that the millipede Trigoniulus corallinus can consume a wide range of residues, but that there are residues that they presented a better acceptability when made available for consumption, it was also observed that there is a limitation of consumption of residues of ornamental plants with reports of toxicity to other organisms. In Chapter II it was possible to state that from the point of view of chemical, physical and physical-chemical characteristics it is possible to vary both N-rich residues and residues with an intermediate C/N ratio. However, it is believed that there may be deficiencies of some nutrients when using the millicompost, but it was also observed that the values of pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and total and available nutrients were adequate for its use. In Chapter III, it was confirmed that it is feasible to use millicompost produced from different combinations of residues rich in N and with an intermediate C/N ratio as substrates in the production of quality lettuce and pepper seedlings. And in Chapter IV it was observed that the quality of the seedling did not influence the productivity of young finger pepper in relation to the substrate used to produce the seedling, but that there was a positive influence of the quality of the seedling transplanted to the field on the productive performance of the lettuce crop.

7
  • MARCO AURÉLIO BARBOSA ALVES
  • Water erosion, soil water infiltration and carbon stock in Cerrado-Amazon transition areas, with different uses and coverage

  • Advisor : DANIEL FONSECA DE CARVALHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • CONAN AYADE SALVADOR
  • CORNÉLIO ALBERTO ZOLIN
  • DANIEL FONSECA DE CARVALHO
  • JAMIL ALEXANDRE AYACH ANACHE
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • Data: Jun 13, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • Agricultural frontier regions, such as the north of the State of Mato Grosso-Brazil, have been undergoing significant transformations arising from the conversion of native forests into areas for crops and pasture. Furthermore, the management systems adopted may favor the occurrence of water erosion, influenced by changes in infiltration capacity and soil carbon content. The objective of this study was to quantify soil and water losses, infiltration rate and soil carbon content in the sub-basins of the Caiabi and Renato rivers, located in the watershed of the Teles Pires river, in the northern region of the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. . A physical characterization of the soil was carried out with the determination of granulometric analysis, microporosity and macroporosity, particle and soil density and hydraulic conductivity. Using the InfiAsper rainfall simulator, soil and water losses, and soil water infiltration characteristics were determined considering a 3 x 3 experimental arrangement, with 3 regions of the two sub-basins (source, middle and mouth) and 3 soil coverage/management conditions (covered soil, uncovered soil, uncovered soil + tillage), with 4 repetitions. Soil and water losses were also quantified in the straw condition in the Caiabi River sub-basin. Based on data measured in the field, water infiltration into the soil was evaluated using the Kostiakov-Lewis, Horton and Philip models. The levels and stock of carbon were quantified in the areas of crop, pasture and native forest in the same regions of the aforementioned sub-basins. The predominant granulometric class in the hydrographic sub-basins is sand, especially in the mouths, with total sand above 80%. Soil losses increased as the soil cover was removed and the plot subjected to scarification, which in turn provided increased infiltration capacity compared to uncovered soils. In the Caiabi river sub-basin, soil carbon contents and stock correlated positively with the silt fraction and negatively with sand in the Caiabi river basin, while in the Renato river sub-basin there was a positive correlation with clay. The pasture areas showed better conditions for water infiltration into the soils when they were scarified, with Horton and Philip's models being the ones that best fit the field data. Soil carbon contents correlated negatively with sand in the Caiabi river basin and positively with clay in the Renato river. The native forest is not the soil occupation that most stored carbon.

8
  • MAYAN BLANC AMARAL
  • Thesis Defense titled "Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Tropical Forage Legumes" by Mayan Blanc Amaral.

  • Advisor : BRUNO JOSÉ RODRIGUES ALVES
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • BRUNO JOSÉ RODRIGUES ALVES
  • ENDERSON PETRONIO DE BRITO FERREIRA
  • IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
  • LUC FELICIANUS MARIE ROUWS
  • Data: Oct 6, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • Brazil stands out in the global livestock industry for beef and dairy production, primarily through extensive farming systems. Forage legumes, when intercropped with grasses, can enhance nitrogen input and pasture productivity without the need for synthetic nitrogen fertilization. Some legume species have already been selected for this purpose; however, there is still limited adoption of this technology among livestock farmers. Furthermore, it remains uncertain to what extent legumes in pastures rely on biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), and the measurement of this process in different locations with varying levels of technology serves as a reference for improving inoculation technology. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to assess the contribution of symbiotic bacteria and associative microorganisms to the growth promotion of forage legumes (Arachis pintoi, Macrotyloma axillare, and Desmodium heterocarpon) and the enhancement of biological nitrogen fixation, with the goal of improving inoculant recommendations for pastures. The results demonstrated that, despite forage legumes being considered promiscuous, they exhibit varying degrees of symbiotic association with Bradyrhizobium genus bacteria. M. axillare stands out as responsive to rhizobial inoculation, and the increases achieved through co-inoculation with plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) are primarily associated with root biomass increment.

9
  • TADEU AUGUSTO VAN TOL DE CASTRO
  • Potentialities of humic substances, algae extracts and their combinations as biostimulants in plants: structural characteristics and mode of action.

  • Advisor : ANDRES CALDERIN GARCIA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ANDRES CALDERIN GARCIA
  • DARIELLYS MARTÍNEZ BALMORI
  • EVERALDO ZONTA
  • FLAVIO COUTO CORDEIRO
  • MARCIO OSVALDO LIMA MAGALHÃES
  • Data: Nov 10, 2023


  • Show Abstract
  • The growing global demand for food has led to more intensive land use. In this context, new and advanced bioinputs have emerged, such as biostimulants and biofertilizers, with the aim of promoting a harmonious integration between food production and sustainable soil management. The interest in using biostimulants based on humic substances (HS) in cultivated areas is already a reality among farmers. On the other hand, the sea economy has been increasingly inserted into the agrarian production chain with the aim of generating cleaner and more efficient agricultural products. Given this reality, this thesis aimed to evaluate the biostimulant effects on cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) of the Ashley variety and rice (Oryza sativa L.) of the nippombare variety, of humic fractions extracted from vermicompost and leonardite, of algae extracts extracted from kappaphycus alvarezii, as well as their combinations, applied via foliar and/or root, previously characterized. In chapter I, the physicochemical characterization of vermicompost humic acid (HAVC), vermicompost fulvic acid (FAVC) and leonardite humic acid (HACHECO) was presented and the bioactivity and mode of action of these SH in plants were discussed. In chapter 2, the physical-chemical characterization of subfractions of the algae Kappaphycus alvarezii (aqueous extract and solid biomass) in natura (without addition of preservatives) was presented and the effect of application modes (foliar and root) on growth and development was evaluated, in addition of the different resulting modes of action. In chapter 3, the stimuli triggered by the isolated and joint foliar application of FAVC and Kappaphicus alvarezii extract in plants were evaluated and compared, on gene regulation, metabolism, absorption and assimilation of nutrients, photosynthetic performance, root development and growth, aiming to obtaining a mixed foliar biostimulant with agricultural potential. The physicochemical characteristics of humic substances and Kappaphicus alvarezii extracts resulted in different properties and bioactivity exerted on plants, with differences in gene expression, hormonal regulation, photosynthesis, nutrient absorption, amounts of soluble metabolites, root architecture and accumulation of biomass. In general, the application of all natural compounds resulted in plants with greater development, but with different forms depending on their structural characteristics. The root and foliar application of FAVC and K-sap resulted in different stimuli on root growth and biomass production, with the best response doses being different for each compound and form of application. For both FAVC and K-sap, applications at lower concentrations were necessary in the roots than in the leaves to stimulate a greater response. The costs associated with the production and commercialization of these foliar biostimulants are considered low, since they are extracted from natural compounds and sprayed in small doses, in addition to the potential to be used in the conservation and management of natural and agricultural ecosystems, as they are biodegradable and not -toxic. The mixed foliar biostimulant with AFVC at 80 mg L-1 + K-sap at 2% showed potential to be used commercially in the cultivation of rice plants, increasing their production

2022
Dissertations
1
  • LUANA CORRÊA SILVA
  • Selection based on in vitro growth characteristics of Periconia and Trichoderma endophytic fungi isolates from sugarcane roots.

  • Advisor : RICARDO LUIZ LOURO BERBARA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ELIANE MARIA RIBEIRO DA SILVA
  • JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
  • RICARDO LUIZ LOURO BERBARA
  • Data: Mar 3, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • Endophytic fungi live in the internal tissues of most plant species and are involved in the production of benefits, such as mineral nutrition, tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and production of phytohormones. The objective of this work was to select isolates of endophytic fungi obtained from sugarcane roots, of the Periconia and Trichoderma genera, by in vitro growth characteristics. The experiments involved 118 strains of Periconia and Trichoderma, from sugarcane roots, from the Fungi Collection of Embrapa Agrobiologia. The experiment was in a completely randomized design (DIC) and the lines were the treatments, 6 replications, applied Scott-Knott at 5%. The strains were subcultured onto plates with malt-agar extract medium and after 4 days disks of 8 mm in diameter were removed from the edge of the colonies and inoculated in the experiments. For phosphate solubilization, Pikovskaya agar medium was used with calcium phosphate at pH 7.0 and aluminum phosphate at pH 5.0. In the Copper (Cu) tolerance experiment there were three doses of 0, 300 and 1000 mg Cu.L-¹, for Cadmium (Cd) Periconia the following doses were 0, 400 and 500 and Trichoderma 0, 200 and 300 mgCd.L and Zinc(Zn) were 0, 400 and 600 for Periconia and Trichoderma 0, 300 and 400 mg Zn.L. For vinasse, doses of 0, 400 and 800 ml.L of MEA were tested. To determine the production of acetic acid of the strains, the mycelium discs were placed in tubes containing liquid malt extract medium. All experiments were carried out with the lines incubated at 28 °C in the dark and colony growth was evaluated. Of the evaluated strains, 32 solubilized calcium phosphate, of which 65% were isolated from Periconia, where the A356 strain stood out with greater efficiency than the positive control. Twelve strains of Trichoderma were solubilized, and the A169 strain did not differ from the solubilization index of the positive control, being the most efficient in solubilization than the others. For the aluminum phosphate source, the Periconia strains did not form a halo, only the A. niger control and the Trichoderma strain A358 showed the solubilization halo. For the tolerance indexes (TI) to Cu, the Periconia A164 strains at 300 mg Cu.L-¹ very high tolerance and A163 and A164 mg Cu.L-¹ high tolerance and Trichoderma A409 and A404 at 300 mg Cu stood out. .L-¹ high tolerance and A404 in 1000 mg Cu.L-¹ moderate tolerance. The strains with the highest TI at Cd of Periconia were A423 for 400 mgCd.L-¹ and A333 and A423 for 500 mg Cd.L-¹, and the Trichoderma strains. with the highest TI were A409 and A404 for 200 mg.L-¹ and A404 for 300mg Cd.L-¹. For Periconia with higher TI to Zn were A372 and A163 for 400 and 600 mg Zn.L-¹ and Trichoderma A169 had higher TI for all dosages. The vinasse doses stimulated the growth of some Periconia and Trichoderma strains where the A316 strain had an increase of about 50% growth at the dose of 400ml.L-¹ when compared to the control and 20% at the maximum dose of 800ml.L- ¹ and the A169 strain there was an increase in growth, and in terms of indoleacetic acid production, the highlight was for A169 and A302. The strains of both the same and different species varied their aptitude for phosphate solubilization, tolerance to the tested metals, indoleacetic acid production capacity and different response to vinasse, which made it possible to select the strains with the best in vitro performance.

2
  • AMANDA SALES ALVES
  • EROSIIVE PROCESS UNDER RAIN STANDARDS SIMULATED BY INFIASPER, CONSIDERING EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS FORMATS AND CHICKEN BED FERTILIZATION


  • Advisor : DANIEL FONSECA DE CARVALHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • DANIEL FONSECA DE CARVALHO
  • EVERALDO ZONTA
  • JAMIL ALEXANDRE AYACH ANACHE
  • Data: Apr 25, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • The erosion process is the main cause of soil degradation and has numerous consequences for the agricultural sector and the environment, such as the soil, water and nutrients losses. The use of rainfall simulators in studies related to water erosion has been widespread and the search for improvement in the quality of the data obtained represents a great effort by the scientific community as these equipments play an important role in the investigation of hydrological and erosive processes. A question that still remains open is the influence of the shape and area of experimental plots on the erosion process under simulated rainfall. Another important and less evaluated point is the loss of nutrients due to erosive rains, mainly in areas fertilized with poultry litter, used by many producers as a source of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and also as an input of organic carbon into the soil. Normally, natural rainfall events occur with intensity variation during their duration and therefore, simulators can better represent a natural event if they have mechanisms that allow the instantaneous variation of precipitation intensity throughout the tests, characterizing the precipitation patterns. This dissertation is presented in two chapters, whose objectives are: a) to evaluate the interference of the shape and area of the experimental plot in the rainfall distribution and in the erosive process using a simulator with different rainfall patterns; b) to evaluate the effect of simulated rainfall patterns on soil, water and nutrient losses in an area with and without fertilization with poultry litter. With the InfiAsper rainfall simulator, rectangular plots of 0.70 m² (1.0 x 0.7 m) and circular with 0.50 m² were used. In the laboratory stage, calibration, uniformity and water consumption tests of the simulator were carried out, using simulated rains of 5 min duration and obturator disk rotations of 138, 264, 420, 684 and 804 rpm. Uniformity was also evaluated considering advanced (AV), intermediate (IN), delayed (DL) and constant (CT) patterns in rainfall and 30 mm and 40 min duration. In the field, simulated rains were applied in a Red-Yellow Argisol, considering a randomized block design, in a factorial scheme 2 (plot format) x 4 (rainfall patterns), totaling eight treatments and four replications. To meet the second objective, rainfall with different patterns were simulated in the same experimental area and statistical design, adopting a circular experimental plot and considering areas with (WPL) and without (OPL) application of poultry litter, and the same four rainfall patterns, totaling 32 experimental units. Regarding the first objective, the rainfall uniformity ranged from 77.7 to 79.0% in the rectangular plot and from 81.7 to 83.8% in the circular plot, in the different rainfall patterns. In the circular plot, the AV pattern provided the drained depth of 14.41 mm and soil loss of 27.19 g m-2, while in the rectangular plot, the AT pattern provided the highest drained depth (14.08 mm) and soil loss. (13.66 g m-2). The use of the circular plot provided greater uniformity in the different rainfall patterns and the greatest soil and water losses in the AV pattern. Thus, we can conclude that for this type of simulator studied, the circular plot can better represent the distribution of rainfall and the erosive process. Regarding the second objective, the average values of runoff did not vary depending on the application of fertilization with poultry litter. However, there were differences in sediment losses between the OPL and WPL treatments for the DL and CT pattern. The greatest losses of soil and nutrients in the WPL treatment, regardless of the rainfall pattern, are related to the presence of poultry litter applied superficially. In general, the greatest losses of nutrients and organic carbon were obtained in the DL pattern, however the IN pattern provided the greatest losses of total N and P in the drained material, while the greatest loss of K was found in the AV pattern. Therefore, in an area with superficial application of poultry litter, the variation in the intensity of simulated rainfall interferes with the losses of N, P and K.

3
  • YAN VIDAL DE FIGUEIREDO GOMES DINIZ
  • Effect of prescribed burning on chemical attributes and organic matter fractions of soils from an area of high-altitude grasslands, in the Itatiaia National Park, RJ.

  • Advisor : LUCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ADEMIR FONTANA
  • LUCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • Data: May 25, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • Forest fires can negatively affect ecosystems, depending on the frequency and intensity of fire, and studies are needed to understand the role played by fire in a given ecosystem and its impact on the soil. The hypothesis of this study is that prescribed burning, that is, the use of fire under controlled conditions, will have a limited impact on the chemical attributes and organic matter fractions of soils in the high-altitude fields environment in the Itatiaia National Park (PNI). The general objective of the study is to evaluate short- and medium-term effects of prescribed burning on soil chemical attributes and soil organic matter (SOM) fractions in the high-altitude grassland ecosystem. The prescribed burning has been evaluated in the PNI as a practice to reduce the amount of plant biomass on the surface and, in this way, to prevent the potential risk of severe forest fires, in the ecosystem of high-altitude fields and in Histosols, soils of greater vulnerability. It was conducted in 2019, in an experimental area of about 6 hectares in the upper part of the PNI. Soil samples were collected at three depths, 0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm, in 8 composite sampling points (3 samples for each point), in five different time periods: before the event, at 10, 30, 90 and 240 days after burning (DAB). As a physical attribute, the soil bulk density was analyzed; for the chemical attributes the following were evaluated: pH in water, sorption complex (Ca+2, Mg+2, Al+3, K+, Na+, H + Al), P (Mehlich -1), and the sum of bases (SB) and base saturation (V%) were calculated. Total carbon and nitrogen contents were quantified and carbon (estC) and nitrogen (estN) stocks were calculated. Regarding SOM and its fractions, total organic carbon (TOC); the humic fractions, which are humin (HUM), humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA); and labile soil carbon (CL) were analyzed. For HA spectroscopic analysis, soil samples obtained before burning and at 10 and 240 DAB were used, being evaluated by means of FTIR and 13C NMR CP/MAS combined with chemometric analysis with principal component analysis. Management with prescribed burning modified the chemical characteristics of the soil and SOM fractions at all times after the event, with greater expression in the most superficial layer, where there is greater sensitivity to the effects of fire. Changes in the HA structures were observed at 10 DAB, but there was similarity in the average spectra from before burning and at 240 DAB, indicating the recovery and the importance of spectroscopic analysis via FTIR-ATR and 13C NMR via CP/MAS, to characterize the organic compounds in the HA. The prescribed burning management, after 240 days, indicated the structural recovery of HA, with little variation in the TOC content. In addition to an increase in P, Mg+2, Na+ and SOM fractions, such as fulvic acid, humic acid and labile carbon. Although it is necessary to evaluate for a longer period of time and in other sites, in the area of high-altitude fields in the PNI, the results of the study, in the period of 240 days, indicate that the practice of prescribed burning can be recommended as a way of preventing large fires, without major negative effect on Histosols.

4
  • LAYZZA ROBERTA ALVES MEDEIROS
  • Use of tomato plant growth promoters to improve seedling vigor
  • Advisor : JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
  • MARCIA REED RODRIGUES COELHO
  • Data: May 30, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • With the growth of the vegetable market and the concern with a healthier and safer diet, there is an increasing search for sustainable means of production, free from excess conventional chemicals. Tomato (Lycopersicon escolentum) is a crop of great economic importance in Brazil and worldwide. The use of microorganisms as plant growth promoters can contribute to increase the efficiency in the use of fertilizers and to reduce the use of chemical products. There are several groups of microorganisms that have the potential to be used in agriculture, and can be used both in biological control and in promoting plant growth. Its action can be carried out in different ways, such as mycorrhizal associations, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), solubilization or mineralization of nutrients such as phosphorus, production of volatile organic compounds or phytohormones that stimulate the growth and development of the plant and even act as protection against pathogens. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of the microorganisms Azospirillum baldaniorum, Paraburkholderia nodosa, Bacillus subtilis, Torulaspora indica and Microvirga vignae as growth promoters of tomato seedlings. Two experiments were carried out to evaluate agronomic variables: seedling height, root volume, leaf area, root and shoot dry mass and analysis of nitrate reductase and acid phosphatase enzymes. In the experiment conducted in the winter of 2020, the microorganisms showed significant differences (P<0.05) for seedling growth, with the highest averages at 15 days: Bacillus subtilis (8.15cm), Paraburkholderia nodosa (8.56cm) and Azospirillum brasiliense (8.45cm). In the variable root volume at 35 days in the first experiment, Bacillus subtilis stood out with 0.3280cm³ of root. In the second experiment, Torulaspora indica provided an improvement in several variables with an average of 0.2088cm³ in root volume, 12.28cm² in leaf area, and 0.1006g/plant of shoot dry mass, demonstrating increases in productivity and , therefore, its potential as a growth promoter of tomato seedlings.

5
  • RAYANA DA ROCHA SARMENTO
  • Geochemical Fractionation of Zn, Ni and Cd in Soils of the Mountain Region - RJ: Reference Values for Bioavailability and Assessment of Contamination in Areas Cultivated with Leafy Vegetables

  • Advisor : NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • FABIANA SOARES DOS SANTOS
  • FARLEY ALEXANDRE DA FONSECA BREDA
  • NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • Data: Jul 6, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • The intensive use of agrochemicals and inadequate soil management in areas of intensive cultivation can result in serious problems of soil, groundwater and food contamination. Where pollutants such as heavy metals, when deposited in the soil, can enter the food chain. The objective of this work was to establish the Bioavailability Index (BI) for Zn, Ni and Cd for the Serrana Region of Rio de Janeiro and to evaluate the contamination and the risk caused by Cd, Zn and Ni of cultivated areas with leafy vegetables based on in the established index and in the IP. Soil and plant samples were collected in the areas of Nova Friburgo and Petrópolis, located in the mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro, in areas where lettuce, parsley and kale are produced. To determine the pseudototal levels of heavy metals, the EPA 3050B method, described in USEPA (1996) was used. Geochemical fractionation was performed by the sequential extraction method based on the BCR Community Bureau of Reference method described by URE et al. (1993), with modifications adding the water-soluble fraction. The pollution indices (PI) of heavy metals Zn, Ni and Cd were calculated based on the Quality Reference Values (VRQ's) and the bioavailability indices (IB) were calculated based on the Bioavailability Reference Values (VRBs) established for the mountainous region of the state of Rio de Janeiro. The IP of the metals Zn, Ni and Cd showed that the enrichment of the elements occurred mainly by anthropogenic actions with the addition of P and Corg sources. These sources are due to the intense use of phosphate fertilizers and poultry litter in the study area. The BI of Zn and Ni showed that the bioavailability is lower when there are higher levels of Corg, Fe, Al and higher pH values. For Cd, both IP and IB of Cd are highly associated with soluble sources of fertilization. Soils corresponding to G1, generally showed higher levels of Al, Fe and O pseudototal, higher levels of Corg, Ca, and higher pseudototal levels of Zn, Ni and Cd. Soils related to G2 showed higher contents of pseudototal Mn, Mg, pH, altitude, elevation and slope. In areas of intensive agriculture, the contribution of the relief in the distribution of metals was observed, with the highest Zn, Ni and Cd contents being found in areas with lower elevations, differently from what was found for areas with higher elevations. In G1 all the studied elements present IP above 5, where Zn, Ni and Cd characterized a severe contamination. For G2, only Cd characterized a severe contamination, Zn and Ni characterized low contamination. In G1, only Cd has the highest IB, with an average indicating severe risk. Zn and Ni showed higher BI in G2, which indicated low risk. The average levels of Cd in fresh cabbage samples exceed the maximum limit established by the Brazilian Regulatory Agency. Leafy vegetables differ in terms of Cd, Zn and Ni contents in their composition. The risks to human health associated with the consumption of leafy vegetables produced in the study region did not exceed the considerable intolerable limits.

6
  • ALEX PAULO LEMOS DA SILVA
  • Initial growth of genotypes belonging to the Saccharum Complex to the inoculation of the diazotrophic bacterium Nitrospirillum amazonense

  • Advisor : VERONICA MASSENA REIS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • BRUNO JOSÉ RODRIGUES ALVES
  • LEANDRO AZEVEDO SANTOS
  • RAUL CASTRO CARRIELLO ROSA
  • VERONICA MASSENA REIS
  • Data: Aug 30, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • The production of sugar and alcohol in Brazil comes from the planting of hybrids from the crossing of species belonging to the Saccharum Complex. These genotypes, used for crossing commercial sugarcane hybrids, can also play an important role in the generation of energy and biofuels. However, little is known about the growth response when inoculated with the diazotrophic bacteria strain Nitrospirillum amazonense currently recommended in Brazil as an inoculant for sugarcane. This work aimed to evaluate the initial growth of 12 sugarcane genotypes inoculated or not with a strain of this species. The genotypes tested were: Miscanthus Figi 10; S. arundinaceus IJ76-364; S. officinarum IJ76470, Hinahina; the hybrid RB791011; S. robustum US760414; S. spontaneum US76-1319, Arundinoid B, CPDAU849678, NG77-042, NG77-122; and Sacharum sp. Q45416. Two experiments were carried out in a greenhouse in a randomized block design with or without bacterial inoculation and six replications. Pots containing 3 kg in sand:soil substrate sieved in the proportion of 2:1 (v/v) containing two plants each. Inoculation was carried out by immersion of seedlings in a solution diluted in distilled water 1:100 (v/v) of the inoculant immobilized in peat for 30 minutes before planting. The control treatment was immersed in distilled water during the inoculation time. The experiments were evaluated weekly regarding the number of leaves, diameter, and length of the shoot. At 45 days and 109 days, one plant per pot was collected and the tillering, leaf area and fresh and dry mass of roots and aerial plant tissue were evaluated. Analysis of macro elements and 15N content in the different parts including the remained bud were performed at the final harvest. These parameters were submitted to analysis of variance and mean separation using F test (p < 0.05%). Using biometric parameters and biomass accumulation it was observed that the initial growth was higher in plants inoculated in nine genotypes, two did not respond to application and only one genotype reduced growth. Among the evaluated species, the six genotypes of S. spontaneum responded positively to inoculation and the opposite occurred with S. officinarum, where only one genotype responded positively and in only two parameters. The Sacharum sp genotype, Q45416, reduced the growth upon inoculation. The fresh and dry mass at the end of the trial showed another response profile, being positive only for the genotype US76-1319, CPDau 849678 and NG77-122, all belonging to the species S. spontaneum and Miscanthus Figi 10, being negative for Q45416. In relation to the macronutrient’s accumulation, phosphorus showed different responses upon inoculation followed by calcium.   

     

7
  • GABRIELA DA ROCHA SALDANHA
  • Geochemical Fractionation of Cu, Pb and Cr in Soils of the Serrana Region – RJ: Reference Values for Bioavailability and Assessment of Contamination in Areas Cultivated with Leaf Vegetables.

  • Advisor : NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • ANA CAROLINA CALLEGARIO PEREIRA
  • FARLEY ALEXANDRE DA FONSECA BREDA
  • Data: Aug 31, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • The intensive mode of agricultural production in the Serrana Region - RJ is characterized by the massive use of agrochemicals (soluble mineral fertilizers and pesticides), organic residues from animal protein production and also by inadequate soil management, with mechanized preparation and in favor of the slope. This type of exploration has provided severe environmental impacts such as: soil loss by erosion; contamination of soil and surface and subsurface waters, and compromising the quality of the vegetables produced. In view of the above, the present work had the following objectives: to propose the Bioavailability Reference Values (VRB) for Cu, Pb and Cr, for the soils of the Serrana Region of Rio de Janeiro; to evaluate the contamination of the soil by Cu, Pb and Cr, through the joint use of the pollution indexes (IP) and bioavailability (IB), in areas of production of leafy vegetables and evaluation of the risk to human health caused by the consumption of vegetables of leaf contaminated by these three metals. To determine the VRBs, soil samples were collected at 62 points, in areas with or without human activity, forest and pasture, at depths of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm. To assess Cu, Pb and Cr contamination of areas cultivated with leafy vegetables (parsley, lettuce and common cabbage), surface samples were collected at 205 points, at a depth of 0-20 cm. In these areas, leaf samples of vegetables were also collected. The determination of the pseudototal contents of these three metals was performed following the EPA 3051 methodology. However, the geochemical fractionation was performed by the modified BCR method. For leaf samples, the EPA 3050B methodology was used. In the areas of production of leafy vegetables, the IPs and IBs were determined. The extracts obtained were analyzed in an Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) (Chapter 1) and Atomic Absorption (Chapter 2) device. It was verified that the areas of forest and extensive pasture did not present significant differences in the pseudototal contents and in the different chemical forms of Cu, Pb and Cr, indicating that both could be used to establish the reference values of quality and bioavailability. Through cluster analysis, soil samples with low anthropic activity were subdivided into 3 homogeneous groups. In this work, the 75th percentile (P75) of each group was chosen to establish the VRBs. The Cu VRBs for groups G1, G2 and G3 were: 0.40; 0.33, and 0.16 mg.kg-1, respectively. For Pb, they were: 1.05; 0.30 and 0.90 mg.kg-1 and for Cr, 0.09; 0.00 and 0.15 mg.kg-1, respectively. The bioavailable contents of Cu, Pb and Cr were mainly influenced by pH and Mn oxides and hydroxides, as indicated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). It was also found by the ACPs that the higher bioavailable levels would be associated with the lower areas of the relief. The vegetable growing areas were subdivided into 2 groups by cluster analysis. Using the VRQs and VRBs for the Serrana region, the Pollution Index (IP) and Bioavailability (IB) values were determined. In G1, the Cu IP presented moderate risk of contamination, Pb low risk and Cu no risk. However, the Pb and Cr BIs showed severe contamination. However, for G2, the PIs of all the elements studied showed no contamination, however, the IBs of Pb and Cr indicated moderate and severe risk of transfer to the food chain. The absorption of Cu, Pb and Cr by lettuce, parsley and common cabbage plants is related to their bioavailable contents. As observed throughout the work, Pb represented a greater risk of entry into the trophic chain, due to its greater lability. Regarding the leafy vegetables produced in the region, even having the IBs of Cr, in both groups, indicating severe risk, only Pb presented average levels in hardwoods above the maximum limit established by the Brazilian regulatory agency. However, the risks associated with the consumption of vegetables produced in the study region did not exceed the considerable tolerable limits, due to the low consumption of such hardwoods.

8
  • GABRIELA RODRIGUES DA COSTA
  • Development and evaluation of a capacitive soil moisture sensor and a weighing mini-lysimeter for automated irrigation management of tree seedlings

  • Advisor : DANIEL FONSECA DE CARVALHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • DANIEL FONSECA DE CARVALHO
  • LEONARDO DUARTE BATISTA DA SILVA
  • CARLOS RODRIGUES PEREIRA
  • Data: Oct 26, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • The efficient use of water in agriculture is achieved through the use of irrigation management techniques, which consists of applying water in sufficient quantity to meet the water requirement during the plant development cycle. Monitoring the soil water content and the water requirements of crops in real time through electronic devices allows the optimization of the irrigation system, with application of water in adequate amounts and at the right time. Given this context, in this study were developed and evaluated: a) a low cost capacitive sensor for measuring soil moisture in different soil/substrate materials; and b) a weighing mini-lysimeter (ML) aimed at automating the irrigation system and determining the water requirement of seedlings of tree species in the initial stage of growth. For the capacitive sensor, two types of geometry (parallel and coplanar boards) were evaluated in different types of printed circuit boards and insulating materials. After initial evaluation, the coplanar sensor built in fiberglass plate and insulated with varnish (CPS) showed greater sensitivity in the estimation of soil
    moisture, in addition to greater ease of construction. The CPS was evaluated and compared to the commercial sensor (CS) 5TE from Decagon Devices, using 3.0 L pots filled with pure biosolid and 3 soil materials of different textures, which initially presented moisture close to field capacity. The volumetric moisture measurements (θ) obtained on precision balances were compared to the sensor readings, generating models relating θ with period (CPS) and permittivity (CS). Subsequently, estimated θ values were compared to θ values measured by
    weighing and evaluated by the Willmoth index (d), coefficient of determination (R²) and performance index (c). The ML was built in wood and capable of receiving a tray of 54 tubes of 280 cm³. The structure is equipped with a load cell with a nominal capacity of 10 kg. Using an Arduino Mega board, the mass variations of the set were recorded on a micro SD card, which through an algorithm allowed the automated management of irrigation. Two MLs were built, making it possible to determine the water requirement of seedlings of Dalbergia Nigra (JB) and
    Enterolobium contortisiliquum (OM) in the initial phase of growth. The CPS presented excellent performance (c > 0.93) when estimating the water content in the different conditions evaluated, having better results than the CS in substrate with biosolid (sewage sludge). After calibration, the MLs showed adequate sensitivity, with absolute error and mean square error of less than 1% of the total mass, enabling effective irrigation control. During the growth period, 1.47 L seedling -1 of JB and 1.45 L seedling -1 of OM were applied, which reached 89 days after
    emergence, height and collar diameter of, respectively, 39.2 cm and 3.4 mm, and 19.3 cm and 4.6 mm.

Thesis
1
  • PIETRO MENEZES SANCHEZ MACEDO
  • Water erosion under simulated rainfall with instantaneous variation of precipitation intensity and automatic runoff assessment.

  • Advisor : DANIEL FONSECA DE CARVALHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • CONAN AYADE SALVADOR
  • DANIEL FONSECA DE CARVALHO
  • ELOI PANACHUKI
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • PAULO TARSO SANCHES DE OLIVEIRA
  • Data: Feb 23, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • Water erosion is a natural phenomenon of great importance in the global scenario with regard to the conservation and sustainable exploitation of soil and water, and the use of rainfall simulators has generated numerous relevant information for the understanding of this topic. The improvement of these equipments aiming at the application of rains with variation of precipitation intensity and the development of an electronic runoff collector are crucial steps in the study of erosive processes. The thesis is presented in three chapters in order to approach the entire procedure adopted in the development and evaluation of the devices associated with the InfiAsper rainfall simulator. The objective of the first chapter was to develop a control panel capable of varying the rotation of the shutter disc, making it possible to obtain customized rainfall patterns in the rainfall simulator. The installation of electronic components in the InfiAsper control panel allowed the variation of the shutter rotation during its operation according to previous programming, allowing the simulation of rains with different precipitation patterns. Events with peak of precipitation intensity (PI) of 110 mm h-1 and duration of 40 min were adequately simulated by the equipment, with uniformity above 75%. It is possible to simulate other patterns, with different PI and duration, by changing the settings on the device panel. The second chapter aimed to evaluate the prototype of the new control panel in the field, surface runoff and soil loss from advanced, intermediate, delayed, inverted intermediate and constant precipitation patterns in an Argisol. The panel was programmed to simulate rainfall of 40 min duration and a total depth of 30 mm in a terrain with a slope of 9%, graded in the direction of the contour and in an exposed soil condition. Operating with the new control panel, InfiAsper operated satisfactorily, allowing to vary the precipitation intensity, according to the characteristics of the rains expected in natural events. Intermediate and late rainfall patterns produced greater soil and water losses than the advanced pattern. The intermediate inverted and constant rainfall patterns did not produce significant losses for the application of an average water depth of 30 mm. The third chapter presents the development and field evaluation of a data collector for rainfall simulators, capable of quantifying runoff volume and automatically estimating the rate of soil loss. Using a microcontroller (Arduino Mega® 2560), sensors with capacitive, ultrasonic and pressure principles were tested to compute runoff volume, and a turbidimeter to compute soil loss rates. Sensors were selected for calibration and data uncertainty. The automatic runoff collector equipped with the PSI.420 pressure transducer and the ST100 turbidity sensor proved to be effective in obtaining and storing data on runoff volume and soil loss obtained during a simulated rain test in the field.

2
  • ANA CAROLINA DE SOUZA FERREIRA
  • Use of airborne radar images for digital mapping of soil attributes under the Amazon rainforest: a case study in Solimões Formation

  • Advisor : MARCOS BACIS CEDDIA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • DIEGO NUNES BRANDÃO
  • ELIAS MENDES COSTA
  • HELENA SARAIVA KOENOW PINHEIRO
  • MARCOS BACIS CEDDIA
  • WALDIR DE CARVALHO JUNIOR
  • Data: Feb 28, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • Ana Carolinda de S. Ferreira's qualification avaliation, focusing on data modeling, digital soil mapping and remote sensing using Radar image. Coordinated by Marco Baccis Ceddia, and members; Helena Saraiva Koenow Pinheiro, Mauro Antônio Homem Antunes and Waldir de Carvalho Júnior Oliveira.

                The research project assumes that it is possible to generate spatial variability maps of soil attributes from the use of data mining techniques and covariates derived from remote sensors such as radar images. The using Radar images as covariates in prediction models can improve and assist in estimating soil attributes under the Amazon rainforest. The global is to evaluate the potential of the addition of radar imaging derivatives in carbon stock prediction, soil texture and soil type identification under Amazon Forest, Solimões Formation.

3
  • CARLOS ROBERTO PINHEIRO JUNIOR
  • Soil Genesis and Classification in the Araripe Sedimentary Basin

  • Advisor : MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • FABIO SOARES DE OLIVEIRA
  • JOLIMAR ANTONIO SCHIAVO
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • MILTON CÉSAR COSTA CAMPOS
  • SHEILA APARECIDA CORREIA FURQUIM
  • Data: Apr 28, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • Despite several lithostratigraphic and paleontological studies, little is known about the genesis of soils in the Araripe Sedimentary Basin and the main factors and processes at work, as well as the role of these soils in the storage of organic and inorganic carbon. In this study we evaluated (i) the action of pedogenesis and weathering of soils formed from shales and fine sandstones under Caatinga vegetation in Vale do Cariri; (ii) the mechanisms of organic and inorganic carbon accumulation of black soils formed from limestone under Cerrado vegetation and; (iii) characterized the main organic matter compartments of Umbric Ferralsols formed from coarse sandstones under Subcaducifolic Tropical Forest vegetation. Despite the long exposure duration of the parent material (i.e., rocks of the Jurassic age), values of Ki index (SiO2/Al2O3) and Fed/Fet ratio indicate a very low degree of weathering, conditioned by a dry climate. From the MIR spectra, absorption features associated with calcite, Mg-silicate, illite, and smectite-illite interstratifications were identified. These minerals were interpreted to have originated authigenically, formed from evaporation processes in lacustrine environments. Despite the smaller influence of the relief and the low action of pedogenetic processes, incipient evidence of clay translocation is observed in the upper third of the landscape. In black soil formed from limestone, the combination of high mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) content, high MAOC/soil organic C ratio, and low C/N ratio indicates a high degree of transformation and stabilization the organic matter in these soils. The high 2:1 clays and exchangeable Ca2+ benefits the stabilization of organic C by means of organic–mineral interactions. Additionally, the dominance of carbonates of geogenic origin (limestone particles in the sand fraction) is indicative of the low dissolution of these carbonates. Through micromorphological evaluation, pedogenic carbonates were observed at the top of the B horizon of these soils, where the carbon dioxide (CO2) pressure is lower. The variation in relief demonstrated an ostensible influence on inorganic C constrained in the lower third. This favored high humidity and root activity at depth, increasing the CO2 pressure and hindering the re-precipitation of carbonates despite the high pH and abundance of exchangeable Ca2+. In the Umbric Ferralsols of the Chapada do Araripe, charcoal fragments were observed in the coarse fractions, representing an important carbon pool due to high recalcitrance. The high carbon contents of the free light fraction (C-FLF) suggest high carbon inputs by native vegetation. The high contents of residual particulate organic carbon (POCres) may have underestimated the contents of the light intraggregate fraction (C-ILF), given the low contents of C-ILF despite the fact that all horizons have a strongly developed granular structure. Due to the relevance of the light fractions, land use changes could drastically reduce the carbon content in the Umbric Ferralsols of the Chapada do Araripe.

     

4
  • VINÍCIO OLIOSI FAVERO
  • Characterization and symbiotic efficiency of bacteria isolated from mung bean nodules [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]
  • Advisor : SEGUNDO SACRAMENTO URQUIAGA CABALLERO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • SEGUNDO SACRAMENTO URQUIAGA CABALLERO
  • ADELSON PAULO DE ARAUJO
  • JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
  • ENDERSON PETRONIO DE BRITO FERREIRA
  • LINDETE MIRIA VIEIRA MARTINS
  • Data: Aug 12, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • The objective of this study was to evaluate the nodulation of mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] with rhizobia native to Brazilian soils, isolate the associated rhizobia, characterize them and evaluate them in terms of nodulation capacity and symbiotic efficiency.  In Chapter I, the nodulation of two mung bean genotypes by native rhizobia in ten Brazilian soils was evaluated, in addition to the isolation of bacteria present in the nodules, followed by morphogenetic characterization and evaluation of the nodulation capacity. In general, plants grown in soil samples from the Southeast region showed higher nodulation and growth compared to those grown in samples from the Midwest region. From the nodules, 101 bacteria were obtained: Bradyrhizobium (66), Rhizobium (19), Mesorhizobium (4), Ensifer (3), Leifsonia (3), Bacillus (3), Agrobacterium (1), Mycolicibacterium (1) and Kaistia (1). Bradyrhizobium isolates were the only ones capable of nodulating mung bean, and those from soils in the Southeast region were the most efficient; as for the phylogenetic group, in general, isolates close to the group of Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense were more efficient. In Chapter II, the microbiome characterization of the nodules of two mung bean genotypes cultivated in samples of ten Brazilian soils was performed, using the 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique by NGS (Next-Generation Sequencing) Illumina MiSeq. OTU0001 (Operational Taxonomic Units) belonging to the Bradyrhizobium genus represented more than 99% of the recovered sequences. Pseudomonas was the most abundant non-rhizobia genera, and was present only in nodules of the MGS Esmeralda cultivar, revealing a difference in specificity between genotypes. In Chapter III, the inoculation of 31 Bradyrhizobium isolates compared to native rhizobia in mung bean grown in pots with soil was evaluated, including the evaluation of the application of N rates at sowing. The inoculation of the isolates resulted in increments of up to 79% in nodule weight, 66% in shoot dry weight, and of 55% in the accumulated N from the FBN compared to the treatment without inoculation, however, they had less growth than treatment with N fertilizer (160 kg ha-1 of N). When under application of N doses at sowing, there were increases in plant development, but with a reduction in nodulation. In Chapter IV, the inoculation potential of mung bean was verified through cross-inoculation with elite Bradyrhizobium strains used in commercial inoculants for soybean and cowpea in Brazil, in addition to a comparison with isolates obtained from mung bean nodules. The strains SEMIA 587 (B. elkanii) recommended for soybean, and the strains UFLA 3-84 (B. viridifuturi), BR 3267 (B. yuanmingense), and INPA 3-11B (B. elkanii) recommended for cowpea were able to to nodulate the mung bean. SEMIA 587, UFLA 3-84, and mung bean isolates showed greater efficiency in nodulation and plant growth, and therefore, may contribute to mung bean inoculation in Brazil.

5
  • EDUARDO CARVALHO DA SILVA NETO
  • Organic soils in high montane environments of southeastern Brazil: formation, classification, and relationships with the vegetation history

  • Advisor : MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • JOSÉ JOÃO LELIS LEAL DE SOUZA
  • INGRID HORÁK TERRA
  • FABIO SOARES DE OLIVEIRA
  • GUSTAVO SOUZA VALLADARES
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • Data: Aug 23, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • Upland organic soils develop under unique highland environments in contrast to the wetland organic soils, and can be considered as endemic soils, i.e. soils that are restricted to a particular geographic area based on a unique combination of soil-forming factors. In this contribution, our purpose is to improve the pedological knowledge of the Brazilian highlands, focusing on well-drained organic soils. We report the occurrence of organic soils with andic properties (non-allophanic) in the highlands from southeastern Brazil (Serra da Mantiqueira). The cold climate and high cloudiness of these high-altitude areas favor the formation of a constantly humid environment and the acid weathering of the source material, accumulation of organic matter in the soil, and its stabilization by the formation of organo-metallic complexes, especially Al-humus. We document and discuss morphological, physical, and chemical characteristics of 14 soil profiles in the Serra da Mantiqueira region, as well as the occurrence of andic properties (non-allophanic) in some of them. The objective was to propose a general scheme for the formation of these soils, based on classical soil analysis (morphological, physical, and chemical) in combination with specific analysis for paleoenvironmental reconstruction in well-drained soils (phytoliths, δ13C isotopic composition and 14C datings). Upland organic soils (Organossolos Fólicos) in the highland environments of Serra da Mantiqueira are formed by accumulation of litter (plant residues) in two pedoenvironments: (1) directly on bedrock in the high-elevation grasslands, by the processes of addition and transformation of the litter, which constitute the parent material from these soils; and (2) in upper-montane forests, with organic horizons formed under mineral horizons. In both conditions, the cold and humid climate and vegetation (organisms) are the main soil-forming factors, not only reducing the decomposition of organic matter, but influencing the physical and chemical properties of the soils. The cold and humid climate of the high montane environments in southeastern Brazil results in soils with andic properties (non-allophanic). Based on phytolith records, δ13C, C3 and C4 plant-derived carbon stocks, and 14C datings, it was possible to infer four environmental conditions: Phase I (before ~18,9k yr BP), climate cooler and drier than present, with predominance of subtropical grassland vegetation and fire events; Phase II (~18,9k yr BP to ~11,1k yr BP), slight increase in humidity, decrease in fire events and expansion of forest formations, with rare presence of Araucaria angustifolia; Phase III (from ~11,1k years BP) increase in humidity, establishment of current conditions (cold and humid climate, typical of southeastern Brazilian highlands), and marked presence of Araucaria in upper-montane forests; Phase IV (present) environmental changes related to increased fire events, reduction of Araucaria and increase of Bambusoid, Arecaceae and C4 plants, possibly resulted from human activities.

6
  • RAFAELA FELIX DA FRANÇA
  • Combination of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and biochars to increase soil phosphorus availability for corn plants

     
     
     
  • Advisor : ADELSON PAULO DE ARAUJO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ADELSON PAULO DE ARAUJO
  • AROLDO FERREIRA LOPES MACHADO
  • CLAUDE HAMMECKER
  • DIOGO PAES DA COSTA
  • IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • Data: Aug 29, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • In the modern agriculture, the search for sustainable strategies has been including the use of soil bacteria capable of solubilizing phosphate and increasing efficiency of phosphorus (P) use by crops. Another technology is the use of biochar, which comes from the pyrolysis of solid organic material, and can act as a biofertilizer and a vehicle for inoculation of microorganisms. This study aimed to: (i) present a review on the viability of biochar as an inoculation vehicle for phosphate-solubilizing bacteria; (ii) evaluate bacteria of the genus Klebsiella sp. associated with different sources of biochar at controlled and field conditions, applied to maize seeds, and to evaluate the phytotechnical changes of the plant, and soil chemical and biochemical analysis. Two experiments were carried out. In experiment 1, in 16-kg pots with soil in a greenhouse, different combinations of inoculum and sources of biochars were applied to maize seeds of the Batité variety.  A 3x4 factorial design with 4 replications was adopted, combining 3 sources of biochar: without biochar, rice straw biochar and white grape biochar, and 4 bacterial strains: UAGC17 (Bac.1), UAGC19 (Bac.2), the mixture of the two bacteria (Bac.1 + Bac.2), and control without inoculation. Phytotechnical traits of the plant were evaluated after 45 days, and chemical and enzymatic activity and fractions of P were analyzed in the soil. Rice straw biochar, associated or not with UACG17 bacteria, increased the soil labile organic P, soluble organic P in basic medium, soluble organic P in acidic medium, soil basal respiration, and acid and alkaline phosphatase and β -glucosidase enzymes. The white grape biochar increased the available potassium in the soil. Rice straw and white grape biochars showed promise as inoculation vehicles.  In experiment 2, under field conditions in Jupi, Pernambuco, the same treatments mentioned above were evaluated, with 8 replications. In general, for the phytotechnical traits, the treatments that received inoculation were superior to those not inoculated, highlighting the treatment Bac.1+Bac.2 associated with Bio.2, which provided greater stem diameter and height of the first ear. The Bac.1 treatment associated with Bio.1, increased all soil P fractions evaluated, the activity of phosphatase enzymes and basal soil respiration. No gains were observed regarding corn yield variables (number of commercial ears, total number of ears and ear weight).

7
  • THAINÁ LOUZADA DOS SANTOS
  • Influence of Structural Characteristics and Source of Humified Organic Matter on the Growth and Development of Agaricomycetes Fungi under Controlled Conditions

  • Advisor : ANDRES CALDERIN GARCIA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ANDRES CALDERIN GARCIA
  • RICARDO LUIZ LOURO BERBARA
  • PAULO SERGIO TORRES BRIOSO
  • CAMILA PINHEIRO NOBRE
  • WALLACE LUIS DE LIMA
  • Data: Aug 31, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • Basidiomycete fungi such as: Pleurotus eryngii, Panus strigellus (Berk.) and Ganoderma lucidum have key properties in nature. A lot of them are decomposers of ligno-cellulosic organic substrates, others have medicinal and pharmacological properties. These basideomycete fungi are key to nutrient cycling, especially organic carbon, and nitrogen, in diverse ecosystems, especially in tropical climates. However, the relationship between the structural quality of organic matter, specifically the carbon types of humified organic matter, and the growth of the fungi Pleurotus eryngii, Panus strigellus (Berk.) and Ganoderma lucidum is poorly understood. This thesis aimed to evaluate the relationship between the growth and development of the basidiomycetes Pleurotus eryngii, Panus strigellus (Berk.) and Ganoderma lucidum in two well-characterized structurally different sources of humified organic matter. The growth and development (mycelial diameter, mycelial run, mycelium fresh and dry mass, mycelial density, and biological yield) of the fungi were evaluated in experiments with application in solid culture medium of humic substances (SH) extracted from vermicompost (VC) and peat. Both SH were characterized by 13C NMR CP/MAS spectroscopy combined with chemometrics (principal component analysis -PCA and multivariate resolution curve -MCR). The HS applied to the fungus have different structural characteristics, where those extracted from VC have a predominance of functionalized C-aliphatics belonging to carbohydrates, low hydrophobicity, and a proportion of 90% of carbon cellulose/hemicellulose in the composition, in contrast, the HS extracted from peat have predominance of C-aromatics corresponding to ligninic fragments, greater hydrophobicity and a proportion of ligninic carbon up to 80%. The results showed that the growth of the basidiomycete fungi Pleurotus eryngii, Panus strigellus (Berk.) and Ganoderma lucidum is dependent on the C-cellulosic and C-lignin balance. The HS extracted from highly ligninic peat regulate the growth of the fungus in the initial moments and at times inhibit the biological performance. In contrast, the highly cellulosic VC HS regulate fungal growth at later times as well as its biological performance. In this thesis, results were obtained that are important because they serve as a basis for understanding the relationship between basidiomycete fungi and the quality of necromass in tropical environments. At the same time, these results may contribute to improving the base of organic substrates in the production of edible and medicinal mushrooms.

8
  • DERIQUE BIASSI
  • DIRECT PLANTING IN THE STRAW AS A STRATEGY TO IMPROVE FERTILITY IN ORGANIC AGRICULTURE SYSTEMS
  • Advisor : EVERALDO ZONTA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ADRIANO PORTZ
  • ANELISE DIAS
  • IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • JOSE LUIZ RODRIGUES TORRES
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • NIVALDO SCHULTZ
  • Data: Nov 25, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • In the current scenario regarding the quality of human food, alternatives for the production of food in a more sustainable way arise and require studies to be improved and applied by producers. In view of this, this study seeks to evaluate the production of vegetables in an organic system under Direct Planting using different soil coverings. Organic agriculture aims to maintain the health of ecosystems, soil and people by not using aggressive methods, using more sustainable agricultural practices, which have less impact on health and the environment, always anchored in the three principles: to be economically viable , socially just and environmentally correct. In addition, it aims to benefit the environment with the support of science and innovation, balancing the resources offered by nature and human needs, considering the soil as a primordial source of life. The search for healthy food favored the expansion of the commercialization of organic products and stimulated the organization of production cooperatives, establishments in the food sector dedicated to this purpose, boosting the economy. Although organic foods still represent a small portion of the total food trade, it should be noted that the market remains promising and constantly growing. Linked to a more sustainable agriculture is the Direct Planting System, which is a relevant tool for obtaining more sustainable production systems, also in the production of vegetables, following the principles of turning the soil in a localized way and diversifying the species by crop rotation, including cover crops and permanent ground cover. The benefits associated with the Direct Planting System for vegetables are many, including the reduction in soil loss due to flooding, water savings in irrigated crops, reduced mechanization, thermal regulation provided by straw and increased levels of matter. organic. Furthermore, a reduction in the need for fertilization can be observed, due to the preservation or recovery of soil quality.

9
  • ERINALDO GOMES PEREIRA
  • Contribution of variations in DNA methylation profile and metabolic and physiological changes to adaptation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants to low-nitrogen cropping systems

  • Advisor : MANLIO SILVESTRE FERNANDES
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • CLICIA GRATIVOL GASPAR DE MATOS
  • ANDRE MARQUES DOS SANTOS
  • ANDRES CALDERIN GARCIA
  • MANLIO SILVESTRE FERNANDES
  • MARCIA SOARES VIDAL
  • Data: Nov 25, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • Nitrogen (N) deficiency is an abiotic stress to which rice plants are susceptible to throughout the crop cycle, mainly due to the high demand for N presented by this crop and also because of the easy loss of this nutrient in the soil. DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that affects plant performance in the face of various environmental stresses. The objectives of this research were: 1) to verify if rice plants submitted to low N stress modify their DNA methylation profile; 2) to verify possible alterations in the DNA methylation profile, morpho-physiological, metabolic changes, and gene expression in rice plants submitted to different crop cycles with low N; 3) to establish relationships between DNA methylation modifications and morpho-physiological and metabolic changes; 4) to determine if exposure to low N cycles results in plants better adapted to this condition. For this, the rice varieties Esmeralda (improved), Manteiga and Piauí (traditional from Maranhão state), were subjected to the following treatments: Control - plants grown with N-sufficient (60 kg N ha-1) for three successive crop cycles; NS1 - plants grown with low N (10 kg N ha-1) only in the last crop cycle (first stress exposure); NS2 - plants grown with low N in the first and third crop cycle (intermittent stress); NS3 - plants grown with low N for three successive cycles (recurrent stress). A reduction in total DNA methylation was verified in plants of the Esmeralda variety grown with low N compared to the control. Plants submitted to the low N treatments showed a greater reduction in the number of hemi-methylated bands at the expense of fully methylated bands. The most severe reduction in the number of hemi-methylated bands was seen in plants submitted to the NS2 treatment, which was accompanied by a more significant increase in the number of fully methylated bands. This modification in the DNA methylation pattern observed in NS2 was followed by a reduction in grain yield, photosynthetic efficiency, and N use efficiency related parameters. The varieties Manteiga and Piauí showed a significant increase in the total number of methylated bands when subjected to the low N stress treatments compared to the control. This result was mainly due to a strong increase in the number of fully methylated bands. Plants subjected to the NS2 and NS3 treatments had a more significant increase in the number of fully methylated bands, and a decrease in the number of hemi-methylated bands. This modification in methylation pattern was accompanied by higher grain yield, improved photosynthetic efficiency, increased N use efficiency, and changes in gene expression. The results of this study demonstrate that exposure to low N alters the DNA methylation pattern, and that the type and intensity of this alteration depend on both the duration of stress and the varieties under study. Changes in the DNA methylation pattern are accompanied by morpho-physiological, metabolic, and gene expression modifications. Exposure to intermittent and recurrent stress improves the performance of the varieties Manteiga and Piauí, whereas intermittent stress is detrimental to the variety Esmeralda.

10
  • ANDRESSA FABIANE FARIA DE SOUZA
  • Signaling pathways involved in stimulating root growth in rice plants activated by humic acids


  • Advisor : LEANDRO AZEVEDO SANTOS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • LEANDRO AZEVEDO SANTOS
  • ORLANDO CARLOS HUERTAS TAVARES
  • RICARDO LUIZ LOURO BERBARA
  • LEONARDO BARROS DOBBSS
  • MARCIA SOARES VIDAL
  • Data: Nov 29, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • The use of biostimulants is gaining significant scientific and commercial visibility and is considered a promising technique in improving the ecological sustainability of crop production. Among the biostimulant substances, numerous studies report the effect of humic acids (HA) as a root growth promoter improving the acquisition and efficient use of nutrients, increased tolerance to abiotic stresses, and productivity. Despite the established evidence of biostimulant effects, many functional aspects still need to be elucidated. The research performed in this thesis looks to contribute to the understanding of the physiological mechanisms behind these responses using phenotypic and molecular approaches associated with the use of ROS inhibitors and hormonal pathways. The following hypotheses were formulated: (i) if AH is able to stimulate root system growth in the presence of a specific inhibitor, it is because the route interrupted by the given inhibitor is not the preferred pathway in the mechanism of action of AH; (ii) on the other hand, if AH does not stimulate root system growth in the presence of a given inhibitor, it is because this route is the preferred pathway in the mechanism of action of AH. To verify these premises, the purpose of this research was to elucidate the signaling mechanisms by which humic acid stimulates root system growth in rice plants. The specific purposes were: a) to determine the optimum concentration of humic acid for the greatest stimulus to root system growth; b) to determine the optimum concentration of reactive oxygen species inhibitors (scavengers) and inhibitors of hormonal action that result in harm to the development of the root system, without, however, presenting severe toxicity to the plants; c) to combine the application of inhibitors and humic acid and verify the effect on the development of the root system of rice plants; d) by both phenotypic and molecular approaches, elucidate the signaling mechanisms activated by the application of AH. The data obtained from the execution of this study suggest AH from vermicompost has a higher predominance of aliphatic fragments and carboxylic carbon, which contribute to increased bioactivity. Through the phenotypic approach it was possible to verify the effects of AH application on the morpho-physiological characteristics of rice seedlings, suggesting that root growth promotion is a mechanism dependent on ROS production, and the stimulatory effect of AH seems to be dependent on HO*, O2-* e H2O2. production. Through the molecular approach it was possible to observe changes in gene regulation caused by the application of AH, being more expressive in genes related to antioxidant enzymes. The results presented in this study show that AH extracted from vermicompost play a role in stimulating root growth in rice plants and clearly it is a mechanism dependent on ROS and hormonal signaling pathways, in addition to the protective effect on plant growth, partly explaining the physiological mechanisms of AH behind the responses in promoting root growth.

11
  • NATÁLIA DOS SANTOS FERREIRA
  • TAXONOMY AND RECLASSIFICATION OF STRAINS OF THE GENUS Azospirillum and Nitrospirillum BELONGING TO THE JOHANNA DÖBEREINER BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE CENTER

  • Advisor : JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
  • IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • VERONICA MASSENA REIS
  • EVELISE BACH
  • FÁTIMA MARIA DE SOUZA MOREIRA
  • Data: Nov 29, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • The Johanna Döbereiner Biological Resource Center - CRB-JD, is a culture collection belonging to the National Center for Research in Agrobiology (CNPAB), officially exists since 1960, is world-renowned for maintaining a high diversity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, in addition to containing microbial species that have the potential to be used for the benefit of Brazilian society. Today its collection houses about (53) yeasts, (64) filamentous fungi, (6060) bacteria of different genera. Much of the Collection was identified using biochemical and morphological features. However, taxonomic information on the strains is still lacking, based on currently accepted molecular methods in genome analysis. In view of this, the present work proposed, through molecular analysis, to characterize a part of the collection of its germplasm collection for the genus Azospirillum and Nitrospirillum. Both genera have plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria with the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen and produce beneficial compounds for plants and are present in different soil and climatic conditions. Molecular analyzes were based on combined phylogenetic characterizations (16S rRNA, use of housekeeping genes); genomics (average nucleotide identity (ANI) with circumscription values of 96% and DNA-DNA digital hybridization (dDDH) cut-line of 70%, core proteome). Functional analyzes defined only for Azospirillum species, which are based on phenotypic and biochemical characterizations. This work originated two taxonomic reclassification proposals, defined as Azospirillum baldaniorum Sp245T and Azospirillum argentinense Az39T, previously classified as species belonging to Azospirillum brasilense. In addition to the phylogenetic classification of strains of the genus Azospirillum and Nitrospirillum, evidencing the high diversity between strains of the species of both genera, suggesting the existence of new species and adding information to the database of this collection of wrongly classified strains belonging to other genera.

12
  • LILIANDRA BARRETO EMIDIO GOMES
  • Use of inoculant produced in co-culture of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus and Paraburkholderia tropica to promote maize growth 

  • Advisor : VERONICA MASSENA REIS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • VERONICA MASSENA REIS
  • IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • CARLOS HENRIQUE SALVINO GADELHA MENESES
  • LUIS HENRIQUE DE BARROS SOARES
  • STEFAN SCHWAB
  • Data: Dec 15, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • The selection of diazotrophic bacteria for crops of agricultural importance makes it possible to reduce the loss of nitrogen fertilizers and increase productivity gains. The promotion of plant growth by stimulating the absorption of nutrients, especially those with greater mobility in the soil, is an important alternative to increase the income of rural producers. This research sought to employ different microbiological techniques to clarify the establishment and efficiency of mixed inoculants (co-cultivation), comparing them to individual inoculants of diazotrophic bacteria selected for application in sugarcane. The objective was to evaluate the efficiency of an inoculants containing Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus (Gd-BR11281) and Paraburkholderia tropica (Pt-BR11366) co-cultivated in the initial development and in the root architecture of corn used as a model plant for plant promotion and to analyze the production of phytohormone in the co-cultivation compared to the individual growth of the two strains. The establishment of inoculated bacteria was also observed using the FISH and qPCR technique. Complementing the study, bioassays were carried out with different concentrations of growth regulators such as AIA, GA3 and Zeatin in the initial growth of corn roots and comparison with the effects of inoculation and quantification of phytohormone production by the strains studied through the technique of monitoring of selected ions by GC-MS. The experiments in a greenhouse were evaluated for mass gains and root parameters. The two strains adapted well to the culture conditions and despite the different metabolism there was no growth inhibition between them, being possible to produce the inoculant from the simultaneous cultivation. Pt-BR11366 obtained a 10 times higher growth compared to Gd-BR11281. The bioassays showed that 40 µM of AIA and 20 µM of GA3 and Zeatin stimulate root growth in corn, compared to the control being compared to the co-culture and to the supernatant, without the presence of cells. These showed increments of 69 and 84% for length, 47 and 50% for the parameters projected area and surface area and 28 and 22% for volume, respectively. In addition, the root growth responses of the co-culture and the supernatant were like the responses of the best concentration of the tested phytohormones. These results were corroborated by the quantification of phytohormones, which showed that the simultaneous cultivation has a higher concentration of AIA (19.6 ng/mL), GA3 (20.5 nm/mL) and Zeatin (10.7 nm/mL) than the individual cultures and supernatant extraction intensified these concentrations: AIA (29.8 ng/mL), GA3 (29.1 nm/mL) and Zeatin (14.3 nm/mL). The FISH technique allowed the visualization of the strains inside the roots and proving that the inoculated bacteria establish themselves inside the plant and that both cohabit the same niches, preferring the regions of the apoplast, root surface, tip, root hairs and root differentiation zones. secondary. Corn inoculated with the two co-cultured bacteria differed from the treatment with them applied separately, being superior to the control. 

13
  • RICARDO DE CASTRO DIAS
  • Potential and efficiency of the use of silicate rocks as a source of potassium in agriculture
  • Advisor : EVERALDO ZONTA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ANDRES CALDERIN GARCIA
  • JULIANO BAHIENSE STAFANATO
  • MARISA BEZERRA DE MELLO MONTE
  • REINALDO BERTOLA CANTARUTTI
  • PAULO CÉSAR TEIXEIRA
  • VINICIUS DE MELO BENITES
  • Data: Dec 16, 2022


  • Show Abstract
  • Brazil is a major importer of fertilizers, especially potassium fertilizers. Domestic production is small and insufficient to meet national demand. Given this scenario, the search for alternative sources to conventional soluble fertilizers has grown a lot in the last two decades. Thus, the present work aimed to evaluate the potential of different silicate rock powders as a source of potassium in Brazilian agriculture. Therefore, the work was divided into four chapters. In chapter I, a systematic review of the literature was carried out followed by a meta-analysis in order to present the state of the art on the efficiency of silicate rock powders as a source of potassium for cultivated plants. In general, the effect of the application of rock powder was superior in relation to the non-application of K and inferior in relation to the application of soluble fertilizer. Doses of up to 5 Mg of rock dust ha-1 provided a positive effect, however significantly lower in relation to the application of doses higher than this value. No benefit was observed as a result of the application of rock dust in granulometry greater than 2 mm. Long-term studies showed results similar to those of short-term studies, showing that there is no residual effect in the application of silicate rock powder. In Chapter II, assays were performed on the kinetics of potassium release from silicate rock powders using different extractors. The results showed that there was a higher proportion of soluble K in the Serpentinite residue, rich in phyllosilicates, after 48 h of extraction. In general, the release of K from rock powders was relatively fast in the first 4 h, becoming practically stable after this period. Chapter III aimed to evaluate and correct the chemical properties of the soil used in the research. For this purpose, a bench test was carried out to determine the amount of CaCO3 necessary to correct the pH to approximately 6.0, and a test in a greenhouse to define corrective fertilization, as well as mathematically model the dry mass production and accumulation of K in corn plants as a function of potassium fertilization. The best fit for dry mass production was obtained using the quadratic root model, which indicated the need for 163 mg kg-1 of K to reach 90% of the maximum dry mass productivity. The accumulation of K showed a quadratic behavior as a function of increasing the dose. In Chapter IV, an experiment was carried out in a greenhouse to define the efficiency of rock dust, compared to KCl, in the production of dry mass of the aerial part of maize plants, adopting the treatment without application of K as a negative control. The rock powders were applied in three different granulometries (Ø < 103 µm, Ø < 300 µm and Ø < 4,800 µm), incorporated or on the surface. After two successive cultivations, the dry mass production obtained by the application of serpentinite powder (Ø < 300 µm) provided a dry mass production equivalent to that obtained by the application of KCl. The accumulation of K provided by the incorporated application of serpentinite powder in a granulometry of less than 103 µm was equivalent to that provided by the application of KCl. The other rock powders provided values of dry mass and K accumulation significantly lower than those provided by the application of KCl. The application of rock powders in granulometry classified as mash (Ø < 4,800 µm) resulted in a significant decrease in the performance of rock powders.

2021
Dissertations
1
  • PAULA FERNANDA ALVES FERREIRA
  • Effect of Animal Waste Composting on Reducing Microbiological, Parasitic Load and Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants
  • Advisor : IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • SHANA DE MATTOS DE OLIVEIRA COELHO
  • EDNALDO DA SILVA ARAÚJO
  • Data: Mar 5, 2021


  • Show Abstract
  • The increase in the generation of animal production waste it is a concern of the agricultural sector which increasingly seeks more sustainable alternatives for its disposal. These residues are promising for use in agricultural production as an organic fertilizers or soil conditioners. However, they can be a source of pathogenic microorganisms and determinants of antimicrobial resistance. Thus, when not properly managed, they can contaminate the soil and plants used for human consumption, what can result in public health risk. In this sense, it is recommended to seek for management alternatives that result in the reduction or elimination of pathogens and undesirable compounds to ensure the safety of their use as fertilizer. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate effect of composting in animal wastes to reduce the microbiological and parasitic load, as well as the distribution of bacteria and their antimicrobial resistance profile throughout of process. For such, was assembled a composting experiment with horse bedding and organic and conventional poultry litter. The samples were collected in the times 0, 14, 32, 60, 90 and 125 days. Were determined the presence of Salmonella sp., the quantification of thermotolerant coliforms and the presence of helminth eggs. The bacteria isolated during the composting process were identified through MALDI-TOF proteomic technique and then it was performed disk diffusion test for phenotypic detection of antimicrobial resistance. Salmonella sp. was absent in both the raw materials and the final compost. Composting was effective in the elimination of helminth eggs and in the reduction of thermotolerant coliforms, however, the final composts retained a higher thermotolerant coliforms load than that required by the current legislation. Were isolated 158 bacterial strains during the composting process of the three residues. The Enterobacteriaceae family was the more abundant and Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli were the species with higher percentage at the residues and those that presented multi-resistance profile. The bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae and P. mirabilis, both with pathogenic potential, were found throughout all the composting. Despite composting have been effective in eliminating strains of E. coli, the same did not occur with strains of P. mirabilis. Therefore, even if the use of animal waste in agriculture be a sustainable alternative, the presence of pathogenic organisms with a multi-resistant profile represents a public health risk, since they can increment pathogenic bacteria and resistant to antimicrobials us soils and vegetable and consequently favor the dissemination and the transfer the same for commensal and pathogenic bacteria of humans and animals. Thus, this work reinforces the importance the studies that address management strategies that reduce and/or eliminate the contaminants from animal residues, aiming your safe use in agriculture, besids promoting the discussion about parameters of quality and safety of these residues.

2
  • THAMIRES FERREIRA RODRIGUES DA SILVA
  • Response of Different Brachiaria Genotypes to Inoculation of Diazotrophic Bacteria and Growth Promoters


  • Advisor : VERONICA MASSENA REIS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • VERONICA MASSENA REIS
  • IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • STEFAN SCHWAB
  • Data: May 26, 2021


  • Show Abstract
  • The Brazilian livestock sector is benefited by favorable climatic and edaphic factors that make the extensive cattle production system more practical and economically viable. However, the use and management of pastures must be adequate, in order to maintain soil fertility and consequently good pasture productivity. The use of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) is an alternative to increasing the efficient use of nitrogen by plants, either by promoting biological nitrogen fixation and the production of plant growth regulators. The aim of this work is to identify positive interactions between genotypes of Brachiaria and PGPB by optimizing the beneficial interaction between these organisms for use in grass. The first experiment was evaluated the initial growth of genotypes of Brachiaria spp. with or without the inoculation of bacterial strains (Ab-Sp245, Hs-ZAE94, Hs- HRC54 and Na-CBAmc) with five repetitions in entirely randomized design. The variables analyzed were aerial and root mass, and with the analysis of the roots by the WinRHIZO Pro 2016® software, were obtained the following parameters: Length, Volume, Surface Area and Diameter. The mean values obtained were evaluated for normality (Shapiro-Wilk) and homogeneity (Barlett), the analysis of variance and the F test were obtained using the R software with 95% confidence. The second experiment analyzed the association of Ab-Sp245 pLMB426 in root tissues by the confocal fluorescence microscope model LSM700 (Carl Zeiss). The genotypes responded differently to each strain in all the variables analyzed, however the Basilisk, Ruziziensis and Convert HD364 genotypes when inoculated showed increases in mass and root length, indicating greater susceptibility to the association of BPCP in these genotypes. In addition, it was also possible to observe clusters of bacterial cells on the root surface or rhizosphere of the Marandú cultivar and the Convert HD364 hybrid demonstrating that improvements in root parameters were achieved by positive plant x bacterial interaction. In short, the inoculation with BPCP strains in Brachiaria spp. in vitro shows great potential for improving root characteristics in the early stages of growth and development.

3
  • TAMIRIS CONCEIÇÃO DE AGUIAR
  • Structural pattern of humic substances using humic acids of different origins as a model

  • Advisor : ANDRES CALDERIN GARCIA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ADEMIR FONTANA
  • ANDRES CALDERIN GARCIA
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • Data: May 28, 2021


  • Show Abstract
  • humification process of soil organic matter (SOM) as well as the structural identity of humic substances (HS) is today one of the most debated topics in soil science. In the best of our understanding, the criteria reported to challenge the humus theory still lack plausible scientific data and argumentation. In this study, we discuss an hypothetical approximation to the structural patterns of HS, specifically humic acids (HA), which demonstrates that, although there is a need for even more in-depth studies on the chemistry of humus, the existing theories are still valid and HS have a unique and characteristic structural pattern independent of the source of origin. According to this line, the objective of the present dissertation was to access the patterns and structural differences of eighty HA samples isolated from different types of soils and vermicompost through spectroscopic characterization 13C NMR CP MAS combined with chemometric techniques of multivariate analysis and descriptive statistics with spectral data. For this, the spectra of eighty HA samples previously isolated and published in other studies and belonging to the spectral database of the Laboratory of Biological Chemistry of Soil, were used for the study. The spectra belong to soil samples from soils classified as Organosol (Brazil), Latosols (Brazil), Cambisolo (Brazil), Chernossolo (Brazil), Ferralitic Rojo (Cuba), Sandy Planossolo (Brazil) and vermicompost (Brazil). All HA were obtained using the same methodology (IHSS) and the 13C NMR CP MAS spectra recorded under the same experimental conditions. All spectra were worked using the ACD / Labs 2020 1.1 software. Chemometrics was performed by applying principal component analysis (PCA), multivariate resolution curves (MCR) and descriptive analysis using the software The Unscrambler (version 10.4). The characterization of 81 HA samples using 13C NMR CP MAS, extracted from different types of soil and vermicomposting, combined with chemometric techniques, showed an efficient methodology for the study of the structural patterns of humified organic matter in soils and composted sources. All 81 HA characterized have a similar structural pattern, regardless of the source of origin, but all have different relative amounts of chemical structures in their composition. The similarities in the structural patterns show that the humification process occurs in each of these sources and therefore HS are formed. The different structural amounts generate different properties in each HA such as hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity, aromaticity and aliphaticity and therefore there will be a similar function, but with different intensities for each HA. The results suggest that HS are a group of compounds with unique structural identity and different from the molecules that gave rise to them. It suggests that there is not a single humification process and therefore, in each source of origin a humification will develop depending on the characteristics of the environment and therefore, this process occurs with different extensions. This dissertation dialogues with the most current debate on the existence of SH and the soil humus paradigm, as well as providing new evidence in favor of the recognition of SH as compounds with unequivocal structural identity present in the environment.

4
  • BRISA RIBEIRO DE LIMA
  • Root growth and nutrient acquisition in rice plants under leaf application of humic substances.

  • Advisor : LEANDRO AZEVEDO SANTOS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • LEONARDO BARROS DOBBSS
  • CARLOS ALBERTO SILVA
  • LEANDRO AZEVEDO SANTOS
  • Data: Jul 22, 2021


  • Show Abstract
  • The mechanisms of action of HS biostimulants have not been completely elucidated, but scientific evidence points to effects on hormonal signaling pathways or those dependent on oxygen species, launching in promoting plant growth, especially in the root system. A foliar application of HS can be a promising approach, as it allows the isolated study of its direct effects on plants, since when applied in solution, interactions between these substances and nutrients may occur. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate root growth and nutrient acquisition in rice plants submitted to foliar application of humic substances. Humic fractions were completed with vermicompost and humic acids and fulvic acids were purified and characterized by infrared spectroscopy and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance. Tests were developed to determine the best foliar application protocol, to determine the response time of plants to application, the use of surfactant in the applied solution, dose-response curve for foliar and root application. For all the tests mentioned above, the accumulation of root and shoot biomass and several variables of the morphology of the root system of the plants were evaluated. Tests were carried out to evaluate the nutrient absorption capacity, as well as the expression of genes associated with the nutrient absorption process. A trial was also carried out until the end of the rice crop cycle to evaluate the effect of HS on phenotypic variables and grain yield. The spectral analyzes for the characterization of humic substances, point out many similarities between the HA and FA, these vibrations of the same corresponding groups. The HA carbon types were predominantly aliphatic and oxygenated aliphatic, with 80.7% aliphaticity. It was observed that at 7 days after application, the fresh mass of aerial part, root and total was higher only for HA foliar application and lower for HA + Surfactant. At this time of collection, the results pointed to an increase in root dry mass with the use of HA. It is recommended that the foliar application of HA and FA should be carried out without the use of surfactant at 40 mg L-1 of HA and 400 mg L-1 of FA. A root application of HA must be performed with 100 mg L-1 and of FA with 20 mg L-1. Such foliar and root applications increased the content and content of different nutrients and consequently the expression of OsNRT2.1, OsA7, OsPT9.1, OsIRT1 and OsTIP1.2. Positive effects of foliar application of humic substances on grain yield and filling were also observed. Based on an offered protocol, the foliar spraying of humic and fulvic acids promotes beneficial effects to the plants. These positive aspects are the result of changes in root morphology and nutrient uptake, through stimuli from genes associated with the absorption of different nutrients. SHs sprayed on leaves can improve biomass production and nutritional quality of rice.

5
  • CLAUDIO ADRIANO DE JESUS NASCIMENTO
  • Effect of the biofertilizer Agrobio on the control of Meloidogyne javanica in tomato.

  • Advisor : GUSTAVO RIBEIRO XAVIER
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • GUSTAVO RIBEIRO XAVIER
  • NORMA GOUVÊA RUMJANEK
  • RICARDO LUIZ LOURO BERBARA
  • Data: Jul 28, 2021


  • Show Abstract
  • Biofertilizers, in addition to their function as an organic fertilizer, acts as an agent to control pests and diseases. Considering that the control of nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne ssp. through nematicides is not attractive for agriculture due to its high costs and high toxicity, it is necessary to search for a more viable alternative for the management of these phytopathogens. In this sense, the use of biofertilizers, as biocontrol, becomes a very viable tool, but it has been gaining little prominence. This work aimed to evaluate the control potential of the Meloidogyne javanica species in tomato crops through the application of the agrobio biofertilizer in the soil. Initially, the phytotoxic effects on seeds and seedlings were evaluated to determine the optimal concentration. The indices were evaluated after 15 days: relative percentage of seed germination (RSG); the relative percentage of the length of the roots (RRG), and the germination index (GI). The phytotoxicity in seedlings was evaluated using the phytotoxicity scale, with periodic evaluations twice a day for 14 days. Then, tests in vitro were set up to verify the effect concentration on the mortality and hatching of Meloidogyne javanica eggs. The mortality and hatching tests were set up in DIC with six treatments and six replications. The treatments consisted of five concentrations of Agrobio biofertilizer (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%). In the mortality test, each plot received approximately 50 second-stage juveniles (J2). Mortality was assessed three times (24, 48, and 72 h). Egg hatch assay counted 50 eggs of M. javanica per plot. Plate readings were taken for 10 days, every 24 h. Soon after that, tests for parasitism of M. javanica were performed on the tomato plant cv Santa Clara. The experimental design used was in DBC, with a 3x7 factorial scheme with six replications, using three levels of M. javanica inoculum (500, 1000, and 2000 eggs per plant), seven application schemes (7DAT, 1DT, 15 DAE, 30 DAE, 45 DAE, 60 DAE and control without application) in soil. The parameters evaluated were: egg mass index (IMO); Gall Index (GI); Root system weight (PR); Number of eggs per gram of root (NGR) and Reproduction factor (FR). In addition, agronomic parameters were evaluated such as Plant height (ALT); Rod diameter (DC); Number of leaves (NF); Total Fresh Matter (MFT); Dry matter of leaves (MSF); Stem dry matter (MSH), Total dry matter (MST) of the shoot. There was a phytotoxic effect in the application of seeds at the concentrations tested, thus interfering with the percentage of germinated seeds and root length. In the seedling phase, no phytotoxicity effect was observed. The in vitro tests, from 72 h, the biofertilizer showed a nematicidal action on J2 mortality and an inhibitory effect on the egg hatching process. The three inoculum levels tested in different application schemes of Agrobio biofertilizer did not show significant effects in relation to egg matter index, gall index, root weight, number of eggs, and reproduction factor. We also not observed a significant effect of the product and inoculum level in relation to the agronomic parameters. These results demonstrate that the use of Agrobio biofertilizer, under the conditions tested, has no nematicidal effect on M.javanica.

6
  • RENATO SINQUINI DE SOUZA
  • Soil aggregation as a quality indicator in areas under different forms of use and vegetation cover
  • Advisor : MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • ITAYNARA BATISTA
  • THADEU RODRIGUES DE MELO
  • Data: Aug 31, 2021


  • Show Abstract
  • Inadequate cultural practices in agriculture such as traditional soil preparation promote their degradation, reducing the productivity of the area, and the conventional planting system (SPC) is an example of these practices. The no-tillage system (SPD) provides maintenance or recovery of soil quality, creating an environment favorable to plant growth. Different techniques and indicators are used in the assessment of soil quality, considering the management used and the type of soil studied. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of different vegetation coverings and planting systems on the chemical, physical attributes and on the formation pathways of the aggregates (biogenic and physiogenic). The study was carried out in the municipality of Guaíra, Paraná. For the study, conventional tillage areas (SPC), no-tillage system with 6 years (SPD6) and 18 years (SPD18) of installation, permanent pasture (PP) with 45 years of installation and native forest (MN) were selected. In each area, 4 clods (undisturbed samples) were collected in the 0-0.05 and 0.05-0.10 m layers, the samples were air-dried and the aggregates were separated by light pressure between the fingers. The aggregates were screened and classified according to their formation pathway as biogenic or physiogenic, with the characterization of the chemical attributes, stability of the aggregates, granulometric and densimetric fractionation of the aggregates and abundance of 13C being carried out. In the SPC area, lower pH values were observed in the two types of aggregates, whereas in the biogenic aggregates, the lowest (Ca+2) levels were found. In the SPD area, after eighteen years of installation, it was found that for the different formation pathways, there was a greater contribution in the soil organic matter stock, the quantified values being similar to those observed in the MN area, in addition to increases in the stocks of total organic carbon and in labile and recalcitrant fractions of soil organic matter when purchased from SPC. The component analysis evidenced the separation of the evaluated systems in different groups, being observed the distance of the SPC area from the SPD and MN areas.

7
  • JÚLIA FERREIRA XAVIER
  • Isolation and characterization of bacteria associated with the rhizosphere of halophyte plants.

  • Advisor : IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • LUC FELICIANUS MARIE ROUWS
  • RICARDO LUIZ LOURO BERBARA
  • Data: Oct 8, 2021


  • Show Abstract
  • Most plant species, especially crops, do not tolerate recommended high salts. However, plants in the halophyte group are adapted to saline soils.In the rhizosphere of this group of halophyte plants, associations with microorganisms can promote plant growth and increase resistance to salt stress. Thereby, this work aimed to isolate and identify bacteria from the rhizosphere of halophyte plants from different saline environments in the state of Rio de Janeiro and to evaluate their capacity to promote growth. Samples of rhizospheric soils from halophyte plants Salicornia gaudicahudiana, Salicornia fruticosa, Blutaparon portulacoides, Sporobolus virginucus,and Cyperus ligularis were collected. Culture media added with 1%, 5%, 15%, 20%, and 25% of NaCl was used for bacterial isolation. The bacterial strains were classified according to growth at different NaCl concentrations and were identified by the MALDI-TOF MS technique and by rrs gene sequencing. The analysis of germination and root and shoot length of rice in different concentrations of salts was carried out to determine the ideal concentration that causes salt stress. Subsequently, the potential of nine strains of halotolerant bacteria belonging to the genus Pseudomonas and Bacillus in promoting rice growth at concentrations of 50 mM and 200 mM was analyzed. Thus, germination percentage, total root length, root volume, root contact surface, number of tips, and total shoot length were analyzed. A total of 315 bacteria classified as non-halophilic, halotolerant, and moderately halophilic were isolated. Of the isolated bacteria, 286 were analyzed by the proteomic technique MALDI-TOF MS, being identified at a safe level for genus 57% (165/286). Among the bacteria not identified by the MALDI TOF-MS technique, halotolerant and moderate halophilic isolates were selected for identification by the rrs gene sequencing. The inference of the genus and/or species was possible in 97.7% (43/44) of the isolates. The most abundant genera identified were Pseudomonas, Ochrobactrum, and Bacillus. At the concentration of 50 mM NaCl, the strains PA51 and PA164, belonging to the species Pseudomonas aeruginosa, provided an increase in most parameters analyzed compared to the non-inoculated treatment. Bacterial strains BS231, BT67, and B143 belonging to the species Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus sp. respectively, promoted root elongation and a higher number of tips. At the concentration of 200 mM, the strains BS231 and BT294, belonging to the species Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus thuringiensis respectively, provided an increase in the total length of roots compared to the non-inoculated treatment. These results confirm that the rhizosphere of halophyte plants represents a promising environment for the isolation of halotolerant and halophilic bacteria. And that bacterial halotolerant strains Pseudomonas and Bacillus can promote the growth of rice plants under conditions in the presence or absence of salt stress.

8
  • KARINA THAIS LIMA BURITY
  • Soil quality indicators in different cultivation practices and tillage in Amazon

  • Advisor : LUCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • PAULO GUILHERME SALVADOR WADT
  • LUCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • Data: Dec 3, 2021


  • Show Abstract
  • One of the main problems related to the loss of soil physical quality in consolidated no-tillage (DP) areas is related to subsurface soil densification. This process provides resistance to deep penetration of roots, limiting the search for water and nutrients and, in the long term, reducing productivity in these areas. Thus, our objective was to characterize the physical attributes of the soil and evaluate the influence of different integrated tillage and cropping systems on soybean grain yield in a no-tillage area in the South-Western Amazon region. The experiment was carried out in the Experimental Field of Embrapa Rondônia, in Porto Velho, implemented in the 2013/14 agricultural year without reapplication of soil preparations. The experimental design used for randomized blocks in strips with eight replications. The treatments consisted of monoculture: (Soybean / Fallow); Legume / Grass Succession: (Soybean / Corn / Fallow); Legume Succession / Grasses in Intercropping (Soybeans / Corn + U. brizantha cv. Marandu), which are combined with four soil preparation systems: Direct Tillage, Direct Tillage with Scarification, Direct Tillage with Plaster Application and Direct Tillage with Scarification and Plaster application. These treatments were arranged in vertical strips, where each block was composed of horizontal strips, corresponding to the three cultivation systems, and vertical strips, with the four tillage systems in the vertical. Aggregate stability (EA), weighted mean diameter (DMP), geometric (DMG), mechanical resistance to penetration (RP), soil density (Ds), macroporosity (Macro), microporosity (Micro), total porosity (PT) and determined the granulometric fractions of the soil and Total Organic Carbon of the soil (TOC). The hypothesis of normality of the data was tested by the Shapiro-Wilk test, and in the absence of normality, transformed by Box Cox and evaluation by analysis of variation (ANOVA), when significance was found, through the F test, as means were compared by the Test Tukey. The best soil aggregation indices occurred in areas with grass cover and intercropping and associated with soil scarification. The effects on Ds and RP were not observed, as treatment methods were below the defined limits. Crop systems demonstrate only consistent effects on improving macroporosity with positive interaction as combinations of soil preparation treatments on physical attributes. The values of soil granulometry, demonstrate correlation with Ds and with the other parameters showed the importance of this attribute as an indicator of soil quality. The influences of treatments on the yield performance of soybean crop were not identified.

Thesis
1
  • JOÃO HENRIQUE GAIA GOMES
  • Morphological characterization and Edaphic attributes of the soil in gullies in Cachimbal river sub-basin, RJ

  • Advisor : MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • CONAN AYADE SALVADOR
  • MURILO MACHADO DE BARROS
  • JEAN SÉRGIO ROSSET
  • WILK SAMPAIO DE ALMEIDA
  • Data: Feb 23, 2021


  • Show Abstract
  • Due to geomorphological aspects associated with the intense rainfall that occurred in the summer, degradation problems such as erosion processes and landslides are verified, along the entire Brazilian territorial extension. In this context, the Pinheiral-RJ region presents 88% of its area classified as high or very high vulnerability to erosion, with only 18% of its territory under native forest cover at different levels of alteration and regeneration. Based on the above, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of edaphic attributes, morphology, and the estimate of removal of soil mass and nutrients in four gullies in different evolutionary stages, also considering a time scale, dry period and rainy, with the purpose of generating information that contributes to the recovery programs of degraded areas. Four gullies were selected, and samples were collected, deformed and undeformed at depths of 0.0 - 0.10 and 10 - 20 cm, on the external and internal faces of gullies, for further physical and chemical analysis. Using the Drone model DJI Phanthom 4 PRO, the aerial image was obtained and the volume of soil removed in each gullet was calculated. With the results of the aforementioned analyzes and volume in mind, an estimate of the soil mass and nutrients removed for the gullies was performed, and then a gullet was selected and the main changes were analyzed considering the years 2017 and 2020. It was it is possible to verify that the highest values for area, volume, soil density and soil mass removed were quantified in the senile stage gullet, as for the nutrients the greatest removals were verified for the levels of Ca2 + and total organic carbon, Mg2 + in the juvenile gullet and K + and Na + na at an early stage. The distribution pattern of the physical and chemical attributes of the soil in gullies is influenced by the evolutionary stages and the surface faces (internal and external), at the depth of 0-10cm, and only as far as the faces at the depth of 10-20cm. The stage classified as senile was the one that presented the best edaphic conditions on its internal face. The amount of soil mass removed increases according to the evolutionary stage, however, from the moment there is regeneration or the presence of shrub and / or tree species, the removal of soil mass decreases. The use of geotechnologies allows practicality in gathering information that can support programs for the recovery of degraded areas.

2
  • RODRIGO SOUZA PESSOA
  • Phonolite and Verdete calcined at different temperatures as alternative sources of K and their interaction with limestone and coffee husk

  • Advisor : EVERALDO ZONTA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ADÉLIA AZIZ ALEXANDRE POZZA
  • BRUNO DA SILVA MORETTI
  • DOUGLAS RAMOS GUELFI SILVA
  • EVERALDO ZONTA
  • JULIANO BAHIENSE STAFANATO
  • TALITA DE SANTANA MATOS
  • Data: Mar 31, 2021


  • Show Abstract
  • PESSOA, Rodrigo Souza. Phonolite and Verdete calcined at different temperatures as alternative sources of K and their interaction with limestone and coffee husk 161f. Thesis (PhD in Agronomy, Soil Science). Institute of Agronomy, Department of Soils, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2020.


    Brazil imports more than 90% of all the potassium it consumes in agriculture, currently the potassium fertilization of Brazilian soils is carried out using soluble salts such as potassium chloride. Due to the small national production, about 7.60% of the apparent high consumption, due to the fact that Brazilian soils are highly low in potassium, this demands a large consumption of these fertilizers, making Brazil a major importer of these potash fertilizers. This situation is aggravated by the only mine in operation in Brazil, located in the Taquari-Vassouras Complex, in Sergipe, with falling production registered by the Ministry of Mines and Energy, published in the Bulletin of the Mineral Sector (2019) of the years 2016 (316.4 103 t ), 2017 (306.2 103 t) and 2018 (201.2 103 t). It is worth mentioning that there is an expectation of extending the mine's useful life by another five years, with the revaluation of silvinite reserves and the execution of the Carnalita 800,000t projects and the Autazes Project 1,300,000 t, all in K
    2O equivalent, with the execution of the projects mentioned the dependency would fall from 95% registered in 2014 to 60% in 2020, but due to the high costs, no project was executed (IBRAM, 2015). However, Brazil has large reserves of potassium silicate rocks of low solubility, with the potential to be used in agriculture as alternative sources of K, among these rocks we can mention the phonolite and verdigris both rocks found in the state of Minas Gerais, their extraction it is relatively inexpensive and the prospective volume of rocks is high. However, it is necessary to develop processing technologies capable of increasing the solubilization of these rocks to supply the demand for this nutrient in agriculture. Thus, the objective of this work was to carry out a chemical and mineralogical characterization of phonolite and verdigris, to evaluate the efficiency of techniques and physical treatments in the solubilization of potassium contained in rocks, to evaluate the K solubilized content of rocks mixed with two inorganic matrices calcitic and dolomitic limestone, enrich the rocks with K from an organic coffee husk matrix and an inorganic K2CO3 matrix in order to verify the behavior of the mixtures at different calcination temperatures. At the end of the laboratory tests, evaluate the dynamics of K release from fresh and calcined rocks at temperatures of 300, 600, 800 and 1000 ° C using water and 2% citric acid solution as extractor. At the end of laboratory tests, evaluate the best results in the release of the nutrient and apply the rocks as a source of K for the crops of aranua coffee, corn and beans in a greenhouse, evaluating their development and the production of biomass as a control source. Conventional K is KCl. For the characterization of the rocks, techniques such as X-ray diffractometry and chemical analyzes of high and low K extraction power were used. Heat treatments were carried out with different forms of calcination. After the analysis, in general it was found that phonolite is a rock of volcanic origin, composed mainly of microcline, orthoclasis, andesine and nepheline, distributed around the world and which presents about 9% of K2O. The verdigris, in turn, is a metasedimentary rock composed of minerals from the micas, k-feldspars and quartz groups that can vary between 6 to 14% of K2O. Its mineralogy is composed of 37% glauconite, 24% recrystallized quartz, 14% light brown clayey matrix; 11% kaolinite, 7% other micas, such as muscovite, chlorite and biotite. After the rocks are subjected to calcination which substantially alters the crystalline structure of the aforementioned minerals, providing an increase in the availability of K, the calcination of the rock plus fluxes with high calcium content, low magnesium content with an organic coffee husk matrix and K2CO3 at 300, 600, 800 and 1000 ° C, provided an increase in the potassium solubility when compared to the rocks in natura with emphasis on the temperature of 600 ° C for both rocks in all treatments. In general for the three evaluated cultures, the dry biomass production of the aerial part having the source of K rocks was satisfactory in comparison with the controls, except in the treatment of rocks mixed with dolomitic limestone at the highest temperatures of calcination evaluated in this study a fact that was verified in all cultures for both rocks. However, in general the treatment that obtained the highest biomass production was verified in the mixture of the rocks with the coffee husk in the treatment with the temperature of 600°C. The calcination temperatures had an influence both on the development of the plants and on the accumulated K content and amount for the three evaluated cultures.

3
  • ANDRESSA ROSAS DE MENEZES
  • Soils with Spodic Features in the Brazilian Pantanal: Antagonisms to Pedogenetic Conditions

  • Advisor : LUCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • GUILHERME RESENDE CORRÊA
  • GUSTAVO SOUZA VALLADARES
  • HELENA SARAIVA KOENOW PINHEIRO
  • JOLIMAR ANTONIO SCHIAVO
  • LUCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS
  • Data: Aug 6, 2021


  • Show Abstract
  • In the Brazilian Pantanal, spodic soils are registered, whose chemical characteristics differ from the central concept of pedogenesis by podzolization process. In this sense, the hypothesis of this study is that neutral to alkaline conditions of Pantanal pedoenvironment does not inhibit the development of spodic soils. So that, the objective is to evaluate characteristics and attributes of soils with spodic features from the Pantanal to fit in the podzolization process. Four soil profiles were selected in a transect, three in the bay area (P1, P2 and P4) and one in the transition area between bay and “cordilheira” (P3), whose morphology was indicative of the spodic horizon. The analysis of granulometry, chemical and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) of the soils, as well as organic carbon (C org) and XRF of the nodules, were carried out. All profiles have characteristics that denote the redoximorphism process: low solum development (except for P3), mottles by the precipitation of Fe and Mn oxides, as well as the presence of Fe and Mn nodules. These nodules with organic matter content predominantly greater than or equal to the surrounding material and without a relative increase in aluminum in relation to the fine earth reiterate the rexodimorphism process in the horizons with spodic features of the Pantanal. The texture of the soils is substantially sandy with finer granulometry and in the P3 profile there is a horizon of low permeability and clay accumulation. The occurrence of sodic and solodic characters in the soils, as well as the subsurface clay accumulation in the P3 profile indicate the occurrence of the sodification process. The neutral to alkaline pH, the high sum of bases, low organic carbon and aluminum oxides contradict the podzolization process condition in the Pantanal, but the accumulation of Fe, Al and C org, even if small, in the nodules and in the horizons B characterize the spodic features in these soils.

     

4
  • WADSON DE MENEZES SANTOS
  • Doctoral qualification examination of Wadson de Menezes Santos

  • Advisor : BRUNO JOSÉ RODRIGUES ALVES
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ADELSON PAULO DE ARAUJO
  • BEATA EMOKE MADARI
  • BRUNO JOSÉ RODRIGUES ALVES
  • CLÁUDIA POZZI JANTALIA
  • SELENOBALDO ALEXINALDO CABRAL DE SANT''ANNA
  • Data: Aug 30, 2021


  • Show Abstract
  • A doctoral qualification examination, for which the relationship between biological nitrogen fixation and N2O emissions, detailing the possibility of denitrification replacing cellular respiration in diazotrophic bacteria for the continuity of the BNF process, and the possible influence of soil pH changes by the N2 fixation system in N2O emissions are discussed.

5
  • DANILO AUGUSTO SILVESTRE
  • Effect of Inoculation with Diazotrophic Bacteria and Inorganic and Organic Nitrogen Sources on Contrasting Sugarcane Varieties.
  • Advisor : LEANDRO AZEVEDO SANTOS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • LEANDRO AZEVEDO SANTOS
  • EDUARDO LIMA
  • MARCO ANDRE ALVES DE SOUZA
  • CLEITON DE PAULA SOARES
  • JOSÉ IVO BALDANI
  • Data: Aug 30, 2021


  • Show Abstract
  • The use of nitrogen fertilizers for sugarcane cultivation in Brazil is relatively low when compared to other producing countries. One of the reasons for this fact could be, in part, due to the indirect improvement process of varieties grown in low fertility soils. Compared to other crops, sugarcane has a low response to the application of nitrogen fertilizers, but the causes of this low efficiency in the use of N remain unknown. In addition to biological N2 fixation by the action of diazotrophic bacteria, plants absorb N sources such as ammonium, nitrate and amino acids through membrane transporters located in plant roots. There is evidence that the association of plants with microorganisms improves the use of fertilizer N, regulates the expression of N-transporter genes and modifies the N metabolism of plants. Based on that, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of inoculation of five diazotrophic bacteria Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, Herbaspirillum seropedicae, Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans, Azospirillum amazonense and Paraburkholderia tropica in sugarcane varieties subjected to organic N sources (inorganic N sources). amino acids). For this, the first study evaluated the performance of a mixture of five diazotrophic bacteria in the variety RB966928. Inoculation associated with nitrogen fertilizer increased sugarcane growth, improved N acquisition and assimilation. The second study evaluated the effect of inoculation on RB867515 and RB966928 supplemented with organic N in the form of amino acids and compared with inorganic N and uninoculated organic N. Organic N reveals to be an important N source for the nutrition of sugarcane inoculated under inorganic N restriction conditions, when compared to non-inoculated OR N. The third study evaluated the transcriptional profile of amino acid transporter genes in inoculated or not inoculated roots of RB867515 and RB966928 sugarcane plantlets, supplemented with five amino acids at times 4 h and 24 h. Inoculation of RB966928 and RB867515 seedlings revealed generally beneficial modifications in the transcriptional profile of amino acid transport genes SoLHT1.2, SoLHT6, SoLHT1.1, SoAAPA1.1, SoAAP3.1, SoAAP1.2, SoAAP3.2 and SoAAP2 , indicating that diazotrophic bacteria induce the expression of amino acid transport genes in sugarcane seedlings. The fourth study evaluated N metabolism enzymes and the transcriptional profile of high and low affinity nitrate transport genes (NRTs) and the expression of the glutamine synthetase (GS) gene in inoculated or not inoculated roots of sugarcane seedlings of RB867515 and RB966928, supplemented with KNO3- at times 4 h, 24 h and 72 h. The inoculated seedlings improve the activity of nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) during 72 h. Inoculation generally modified the expression of SoNRT2.5., SoNRT2.1, SoNRT1.5, SoNRT1.4 and SoGSb between the sugarcane varieties.

6
  • PRISCILA SILVA MATOS
  • Soil Quality Indicators in Agroforestry Systems.

  • Advisor : EVERALDO ZONTA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • EVERALDO ZONTA
  • ANDRES CALDERIN GARCIA
  • FELIPE DA COSTA BRASIL
  • PATRÍCIA ANJOS BITTENCOURT BARRETO-GARCIA
  • SANDRA SANTANA DE LIMA
  • Data: Aug 31, 2021


  • Show Abstract
  • Agroforests are an excellent strategy to achieve food security due to the multifunctionality of these systems that increase food production while simultaneously enhancing social and environmental goals, as committed to the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Most importantly, agroforestry can improve soil quality by increasing soil organic matter, altering soil structure, fertility, and biological proprieties. Here, we show how agroforestry systems can improve soil quality. The objectives of this thesis are I) assess soil chemical, physical and biological properties across the unmanaged pasture, different agroforestry systems, and secondary forest; II) understand relationships between litter quality, soil organic matter (SOM), and critical soil quality parameters; III) Assess the sensitivity of land quality indices to detect differences caused by the land-use conversion. Soils, macroinvertebrates, and litter were collected in April, and September 2018 under five land uses, including three agroforestry systems, an unmanaged pasture, and a secondary forest in Sapucaia-RJ, Brazil. In the first chapter we founded that soil under agroforestry systems generally had higher soil fertility status and SOM and biological activity than either pasture or forest. The linkages between litter quality, SOM, and soil parameters suggest that high-quality litter inputs (i.e., low C: N ratio) together with SOM are essential for stimulating biological activity. In the second chapter, we found that the management practices had influenced arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) sporulation and the number of total species in agroforestry systems and that the AMF community is correlated with crucial soil parameters. Also, Glomalin is an essential contributor to soil organic carbon (SOC), mainly in agroforestry systems and pasture plots. In the third chapter, we founded that the effects of the adoption of agroforestry systems in soil carbon fractions were noticed in the most superficial layers (0-5, 5-10 cm), mainly in the in the particulate fraction. Seasonality influences the dynamics of the SOC and its fractions. The carbon management index (CMI) was sensitive to detect changes by land-use change and showed that pasture accumulates carbon in the soil even with signs of degradation. In chapter four, the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) was sensitive for detecting soil quality changes induced by land uses.

     

7
  • VALFREDO ALMEIDA CHAVES
  •  

    Influence of soil-plant-animal system management on greenhouse gas emissions from pastures in Pará
  • Advisor : BRUNO JOSÉ RODRIGUES ALVES
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • BRUNO JOSÉ RODRIGUES ALVES
  • ADELSON PAULO DE ARAUJO
  • ROBERT DE OLIVEIRA MACEDO
  • ABMAEL DA SILVA CARDOSO
  • CLÁUDIA DE PAULA REZENDE
  • Data: Aug 31, 2021


  • Show Abstract

  • Qualification of Valfredo Chaves, focusing on the issue of GHG emissions and pasture management. Evaluation Committee coordinated by Bruno J. R. Alves, with Marcos Gervásio Pereira, Robert Oliveira Macedo and Adelson Paulo de Araújo as members.

8
  • CAMILA DA COSTA BARROS DE SOUZA
  • Chemical, Structural, and Heavy Metal Adsorption Changes in Poultry Litter During Composting.

  • Advisor : NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • CLÁUDIO ERNESTO TAVEIRA PARENTE
  • ERICA SOUTO ABREU LIMA
  • ERIKA FLAVIA MACHADO PINHEIRO
  • MARCO ANTONIO DE ALMEIDA LEAL
  • NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • Data: Sep 13, 2021


  • Show Abstract
  • This work aimed to evaluate the chemical changes that occur in the structure of organic matter in poultry litter (PL) during its composting, and the evolution in the structure of humic substances (HS) formed during this process, and thus determine the relationship between the structural changes of organic matter during composting with the bioavailability of heavy metals present in PL and with the capacity of this residue to adsorb Pb and Cu metals. In chapter 1, a preliminary study was carried out on the role of the PL organic matter structure in changes in the solubility of heavy metals present in this residue during the initial stage of composting. In the first thirty days of composting, the favoring of more stable interactions between heavy metals and the more recalcitrant organic fraction of PL reduced the solubility of these elements and, consequently, the polluting potential of PL. In chapter 2, a characterization of the changes in the organic structure of the PL and in the humic fractions formed during the entire composting process through chemical and spectroscopic techniques of structural elucidation is presented. It was found that the stabilization of organic matter during PL composting involves the constant incorporation of fulvic acids (FA) into humic acids (HA), with the preservation of nitrogenous compounds and the replacement of aliphatic and carboxylic structures by aromatic compounds in the HA , and increased functionalization and polarity of FA. The evolution of humic structures in PL during composting favored the preservation of nitrogen structures and the high presence of carbohydrates in this residue at the end of the process. Chapter 3 presents the action of the structure of organic matter and humified fractions of PL, and their transformations during the entire composting, on the bioavailability of heavy metals in the environment. The most recalcitrant chemical forms of heavy metals increased during composting due to the affinity of these elements with the oxidized structures of the HS formed during the composting process. However, the association of Pb with the CAlk-O and CAlk-di-O structures of the HS formed during composting contributed to the increase in its water-soluble fraction. Given the role played by the functional groups of the PL structure, and their changes promoted by the composting process, chapter 4 describes the phenomena of adsorption of Cu and Pb, by selecting models, in PL compounds with different composting times, in addition to identifying the type of bond between metals and compounds and the influence of their structure on the adsorption of these metals. Due to the heterogeneity of the PL surface structure, the linear model proved to be more adequate to describe the process of adsorption of Cu and Pb in this residue, at all times of composting. Due to the structural characteristics developed during composting, non-composted PL showed a higher affinity for Pb, while composted PL showed a higher affinity for Cu. However, regardless of the composting time, the adsorption of Cu and Pb on the PL occurred predominantly in a specific way. However, the non-composted PL presented a larger part of the Pb sorbed in a specific way, while the PL with longer composting time presented a larger part of the Cu sorbed in a specific way. In chapter 5, the transfer of heavy metals to the arugula plant (Eruca sativa) when it is fertilized with PL in different stages of composting is presented. The application of PL, regardless of the composting time, reduced the Mn contents and increased the Cu contents in the plant. However, the application of uncomposted PL and composted for only 30 days reduced the Cu bioaccumulation factor in the shoot (BCF-PA) and in the root (BCF-root), demonstrating that the application of poorly humified PL reduces the ability of plant to accumulate Cu, although an increase of this metal was observed in the plant due to the increase in bioavailable Cu in the soil. The greater affinity of Pb for structures of high lability contributed to its increase in arugula plant fertilized with PL. The increase in the water-soluble and exchangeable fractions of Zn in the soil resulting from the application of PL, regardless of the composting time, also favored the increase in Zn contents in the rocket. Thus, the increase in high lability structures in SH (CAlk-O and CAlk-di-O) with compost, as they act as precursors in the formation process of these SH, reflecting on the final characteristics of the compost, may be favoring non-specific adsorption of Pb, increasing the participation of this metal in the water-soluble fraction and contributing to the absorption of this metal by the arugula plant.

9
  • ALBIANE CARVALHO DIAS
  • Metabolismo in maize modified by inoculation of diazotrophic bacteria

  • Advisor : VERONICA MASSENA REIS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • BRUNO JOSÉ RODRIGUES ALVES
  • GABRIELA CAVALCANTI ALVES
  • IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • MARCIA SOARES VIDAL
  • VERONICA MASSENA REIS
  • Data: Nov 30, 2021


  • Show Abstract
  • Maize (Zea mays L) is one of the world’s leading produced cereals. Its inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria described as plant growth-promoters can reduce the demand for nitrogen fertilizers and at the same time the costs associated with this practice. This study investigated how inoculation of the diazotrophic bacteria Azospirillum brasilense, Azospirillum baldaniorum and Herbaspirillum seropedicae in maize plants would influence the modulation of root architecture and the parameters associated with the absorption rate of nutrients, especially nitrogen (N), under different conditions of availability of N. Experiments were developed in a hydroponic system and sterile substrate (sand+vermiculite) in a greenhouse, in order to verify the metabolism and expression of genes involved in the absorption and assimilation of N. For this purpose, nitrogen fractions, the activity of the enzymes nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase, the gene expression of proton pump isoforms, high-affinity nitrate transporters (NO3-) and N-reduction and assimilation enzymes were evaluated. Parameters such as biomass accumulation, total N, N use efficiency (EUN), leaf area and chlorophyll index were also evaluated. The inoculation with A. baldaniorum (Ab)-Sp245 and H. seropedicae (Hs)-ZAE94 strains promoted the greatest changes in root architecture, with improvement in all parameters evaluated, which was in agreement with the increase in dry mass and accumulation of N, but they were dependent on the date of sampling and experiment. The parameters improved due to greater availability of N. The Ab-Sp245 was more effective in the greater absorption of macronutrients, with higher speed of absorption of NO3-. The changes caused by inoculation in the gene expression profile were less consistent, but those found in the content of soluble metabolites and enzymatic activity indicated an improvement in the N assimilation process. The shift in root architecture and the maintenance of N uptake per unit of root area through inoculation with Ab-Sp245 was probably the main effect.

10
  • FERNANDO IGNE ROCHA
  • Edaphic, microbial and animal health changes resulting from forest-pasture conversion in the Western Amazon
  • Advisor : EDERSON DA CONCEIÇÃO JESUS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • EDERSON DA CONCEIÇÃO JESUS
  • IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
  • JOANA FALCAO SALLES
  • LUC FELICIANUS MARIE ROUWS
  • Data: Dec 17, 2021


  • Show Abstract
  • The pedosphere, a terrestrial layer of extreme dynamism between biotic and abiotic factors, expresses the fingerprints of the evolutionary relationship between humans x nature, and in the 20th century has seen an accelerated intensification of its use, culminating in the global alert about biodiversity "hotspots" and the imminent decline of these ecosystems. Not differently, the Amazonia is being largely submitted to such process, and the proximity to its tipping point - where the exhaustion of natural ecosystems will make the maintenance of its resources unsustainable - has already been alerted (AMIGO, 2020). With the advent of next-generation sequencing, the last decade marked significant advances in the recognition of microorganisms that are undetectable by classical microbiology tools. The use of such methods has made it possible to understand how forest-to-pasture conversion affects the composition, diversity, and function of edaphic microbiomes. However, little is yet known about the cascading-effect driven by such changes. The pioneering work of Dr. Jürgen Döbereiner reported that outbreaks of periodontitis in cattle (i.e., cara-inchada - CIb) are associated with transformations in the soil microbiota by opening or renewing pastures for extensive cattle grazing. However, available molecular methods have not made it possible to explore such observations. Here, regions with high importance for biodiversity conservation and immersed in a gradient of land-use change in Brazilian Western Amazonia were accessed. Forests and adjacent pastures on farms characterized as low and high severity level (LSL and HSL) of cattle periodontitis were selected. We characterized pedogenetically distinct soils, and through 16S rRNA gene sequencing, explored the microbiota associated with the forest floor (i.e., litter, root layer, and bulk soil), as well as pasture soil, forage, and subgingival biofilm from healthy and diseased cattle, with samples collected in August 2017. In general, the magnitude of transformation of soil variables is greater in those more weathered, however the sum of bases was consistently altered at all sites. We corroborate that, regardless of soil class, the microbial alpha diversity follows positive correlation with increasing soil pH, however, the joint evaluation of the forest floor layers evidenced that it harbors greater spatial heterogeneity (beta diversity) than the microbiota of pasture soils. The soil-plant-animal continuum study highlighted that LSL systems have a predominance of Bacilli and Gammaproteobacteria classes, higher copper contents in soils, and macro and micromineral contents in forage. HSL systems had higher abundance of Bacteroidia in forage and animals, and Actinobacteria in soils, and higher C:N ratio. The higher alpha and gamma diversity, and modularity in network analysis, indicate that the microbiota of HSL system is reflecting greater environmental stress, characterizing their dysbiosis. Finally, the study of water fluxes for the Boca do Acre/AM region pointed out that soils of pastures in the HSL system maintain degrees of saturation close to 90% in the rainy season, exposing forage and cattle to greater humidity events, with possible reduction of O2 for plant and microbial metabolism. The multidisciplinary approach used in this study allowed us to advance our understanding of the complexity associated with the cascade-effect of forest-to-pasture conversion and impacts on biodiversity and animal health.

11
  • ANA AMÉLIA DOS SANTOS CORDEIRO
  • Evaluation of the growth of seedlings and production of vegetables in organic system with the application of liquid biofertilizer formulated with humic substances.
  • Advisor : RICARDO LUIZ LOURO BERBARA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • DAVID VILAS BOAS DE CAMPOS
  • ERIKA FLAVIA MACHADO PINHEIRO
  • MARGARIDA GORETE FERREIRA DO CARMO
  • NORMA GOUVÊA RUMJANEK
  • RICARDO LUIZ LOURO BERBARA
  • Data: Dec 28, 2021


  • Show Abstract
  • -------

2020
Dissertations
1
  • FERNANDA REIS CORDEIRO
  • Pedotransfer functions for database standardization, taxonomic classification criteria and magnetic susceptibility in Amazonian Dark Earth.

  • Advisor : LUCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • LUCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS
  • MILTON CÉSAR COSTA CAMPOS
  • WENCESLAU GERALDES TEIXEIRA
  • Data: Feb 13, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • In the Amazon, the soils known as Amazonian Dark Earth (ADE) have as distinctive features the dark colors and high natural fertility. These soils result from the prehistoric human intervention of pre-Columbian cultures, which in their occupation deposited ceramic and lithic artifacts, coal, food, and bone remains. Over the years, the deposition of this materials led to the development of characteristics different from the non-anthropogenic Amazonian soils, such as the high values of pH, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, carbon stock; high cation exchange capacity and base saturation, and thick A horizons, among others. These characteristics, coupled with the high stability and reactivity of organic matter, induce the high fertility of ADE, which enticed the interest of soil scientists for morphological, physical, and chemical studies of these soils. The ADE has a superficial diagnostic horizon identified as A antrópico according to the Brazilian Soil Classification System (SiBCS, SANTOS et al., 2018). In the international system of soil classification, the World Reference Base for Soil Resource (IUSS WORKING GROUP WRB, 2014), the Amazonian Dark Earth (ADE) are identified by the pretic diagnostic surface horizon. However, the current quantitative criteria for the anthropic horizon (SiBCS) and the pretic horizon (WRB) failed to classify 50% of the profiles considered as ADE, which were compiled from studies in the Amazon region for this work. Another issue is that the profile data in the evaluated works presented inconsistencies in the chemical attribute units, due to the adoption of different laboratory methods. The different units may influence the decisions about the limits of quantitative criteria, mainly for the phosphorus and calcium plus magnesium contents, but no factors were found in the literature that allowed the conversion of these units. Therefore, at first, pedotransfer functions were developed to perform such conversions and to harmonize the chemical database, converting the different units used in the compiled studies. Subsequently, the data were evaluated, and quantitative taxonomic criteria were proposed for the SiBCS Anthropic horizons and for the WRB pretic horizon. The soils profiles reclassification, according to the proposed criteria, shows that 84% of the profiles were included as A antrópico and pretic horizon, respectively in SiBCS and WRB. Additionally, 81% of the profiles were classified as Anthrosols in the WRB, according to the new criteria. Another aspect mentioned in the literature about ADEs is the high magnetic susceptibility (MS), which is related to changes in the structure of the soil minerals caused by heating when fire (burning, bonfires) is used during human occupations. MS can be quickly analyzed through the use of proximal sensors, thus resulting in another way to identify pre-historic human occupation sites. Thus, in this preliminary study, the MS was measured in soil samples from profiles in the Experimental Research Field of Caldeirão, Iranduba municipality, Amazonas State. The soil profiles were identified as anthropic and non-anthropic, where all anthropic samples showed high MS values; and the MS correlated well with other soil attributes.

2
  • JEAN FELIX LOUBAK
  • Productive potential of different elephant grass genotypes (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) for use as an alternative energy source

  • Advisor : SEGUNDO SACRAMENTO URQUIAGA CABALLERO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ADELSON PAULO DE ARAUJO
  • EDNALDO DA SILVA ARAÚJO
  • SEGUNDO SACRAMENTO URQUIAGA CABALLERO
  • Data: Feb 19, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • The production of alternative energetic material through vegetable biomass today represents one of the major challenges for research, since the continued rampant burning of oil, in addition to being finite, contributes to the greenhouse effect. As the burning of biomass only recycles CO2, everything indicates that, in the long run, this will be one of the safest energy alternatives. Elephant grass is generally a plant highly responsive to nitrogen fertilizer and all studies carried out on it so far have only aimed at enriching this forage in protein, through nitrogen fertilization. However, aiming at energy production through elephant grass biomass, it is no longer a plant rich in protein, but a plant rich in fiber and lignin, combined with high biomass production. The low energy cost is essential to achieve this objective, and due to the high cost of production and transportation of synthetic fertilizers widely applied in elephant grass culture, the use of other sources with low or zero energy cost is of great value. In this way, the use of ash from biomass burning presents itself as a promising source, especially of potassium. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the productive potential of several elephant grass genotypes without the application of nitrogen fertilizer, aiming at favoring the BFN process, in addition to assessing the potential for using ash from burning biomass as a source of nutrients. Three different studies were set up for this assessment. Being a field evaluation with five different genotypes in two different soil classes, Argisol and Planossol, in order to evaluate, mainly the biomass production and the contribution of N derived from the BFN process. An experiment was also carried out in a concrete tank with ten different genotypes seeking to evaluate the same requirements as the previous experiment. In both studies, the 15N natural abundance technique was used to quantify the N derived from BFN. In addition to a new field study seeking to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of ash from burning biomass in the supply of potassium for the cultivation of elephant grass. In long-term studies conducted in the field, genotypes such as Camerron and CNPGL F06-3 stood out in the dry biomass production after 15 years of cultivation, reaching the production of approximately 25 Mg.ha-1 in the year, reaching more than 70% of the N derived from BNF. The genotypes King Grass, Pasto Panamá and CNPGL 92-79-2 showed high biomass productivity, reaching over the mark of 30 Mg.ha-1 in the year, when grown in a concrete tank, 80% of this biomass referring to stems. In addition, ash from biomass burning proved to be effective in supplying potassium for the cultivation of elephant grass, requiring a long period for mineralization and availability of this nutrient for plants. It can be concluded at the end of these studies that it is possible to obtain high production of dry biomass of elephant grass for energy purposes, without using N fertilizer, combined with the FBN process. In addition, it is possible to supply K for the cultivation of elephant grass, through the application of ash from the burning of biomass.

3
  • OCTÁVIO VIORATTI TELLES DE MOURA
  • STRUCTURE OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER IN A CAMBISOL AND A CHERNOSOL FROM THE STATE OF RIO DE JANEIRO-BRAZIL

  • Advisor : ANDRES CALDERIN GARCIA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ANDRES CALDERIN GARCIA
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • ADEMIR FONTANA
  • Data: Feb 19, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • The humification process of soil organic matter (SOM) is possibly one of the research themes of major controversies in soil sciences. Especially in tropical soils, where humic substances (SH) regulate most phenomena, the organic carbon stock and incorporation is highly dependent on its structural quality. Mechanisms of carbon stabilization occur to a great extent through the organo-mineral interactions between the molecules that are deposited and the mineralogy or texture present in soil. Understanding and explaining the organo mineral interactions in the soil allows the understanding of the HS formation in soil and therefore, the process humification. The present work aimed to structurally characterize the MOS, specifically the fraction of HA formed in soils with different texture and different degree of pedogenetic evolution (Cambisol and Chernosol), applying spectroscopic techniques combined with chemometric data analysis. For this, humic acids (HA) were extracted from a Cambisol and a Chernosol from the state of Rio de Janeiro. The HA were then characterized using spectroscopic techniques (UV-vis, ATR-FTIR and 13C NMR CP / MAS). Chemometric analyzes were applied to spectral data such as: PCA-UV / vis; PCA-ATR / FTIR and PCA-13C NMR CP / MAS, descriptive analysis, test of means and multivariate curve resolution -MCR. The results show that the HA extracted from Cambisol and Chernosol are structurally different. HA from have a lower E4/E6 ratio than Chernosolo. The functional groups obtained by ATR-FTIR show that the predominance of the -CH groups belonging to -CH2 and -CH3 and hydroxyls (-OH) while those in HA from Chernosol, those with predominate of aromatic C=C groups. Cambisol HA are mainly composed of CAquil-H,R (32%) and -C=O (6.36%) structures, while HA extracted from Chernossolo have a higher amount of CAlkyl, N,O (12%), CAlkyl-O (13%) and CAromatico-H,R (18%). These characteristics generate aliphatic and more hydrophobic properties in HA from Cambisol than those present in the HA from Chernossolo. The mechanisms for stabilizing organic carbon in Cambisol occur through hydrophobic interactions, whereas the presence of clays in the Chernossol, including 2: 1, provides other interaction sites that enable the stabilization of protein compounds. The richness of SOMS structures in the Chernosol can provide nutritional conditions for the presence of a greater amount of microorganism and, as a consequence, a greater number of nematodes. The structural characterization of the HA combined with aquimiometrics is a methodology that allows to study the process of humification in soils.

4
  • JULIA BARRA NETTO- FERREIRA
  • ORGANOMINERAL COMPOUND FERTILIZERS: STRATEGY TO INCREASE EFFICIENCY IN THE USE OF NUTRIENTS IN SANDY SOILS

  • Advisor : EVERALDO ZONTA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • EVERALDO ZONTA
  • NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • ALAN HENRIQUE MARQUES DE ABREU
  • Data: Feb 20, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • The present study aimed to provide a scientific basis for the use of organic residues from a sewage treatment plant, enriched with phosphorus and potassium as an organomineral fertilizer (FOM) in agriculture, identifying the best proportion of nutrients to be adopted for cultivation in systems organic. For that, the specific objectives were the elaboration of the FOMs containing in their composition P and K; testing in laboratory conditions of FOMs, in contrast to the use of constituent fertilizers in isolation, regarding the dynamics of release and losses by leaching of N, P and K from FOMs; evaluation, in a greenhouse, of the corn response, as a test plant, regarding the application of the selected FOMs in the laboratory; evaluation of the residual effect of applying the FOMs to the soil after cultivation.

    The present work is organized in two chapters. In chapter 1, entitled “Formulation and granulation of organomineral fertilizer and evaluation of fertilizer efficiency”, the sources used for the production of the compound FOM, as well as the formulations from these were characterized. The dynamics of nutrient release considering the particularities of organic fertilizers, as well as the effect of the use of FOM on the loss of nutrients by leaching were also evaluated. In Chapter 2, entitled “Agronomic efficiency of compound organomineral fertilizers from permitted sources for organic agriculture”, the agronomic performance test of FOMs and the effect of their application on the dynamics of nutrients in the soil is presented.

5
  • LUIZ ALBERTO DA SILVA RODRIGUES PINTO
  • Organic matter and Edaphic attributes of aggregates in no-tillage areas in the Cerrado mineiro.

  • Advisor : MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ERICA SOUTO ABREU LIMA
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • THADEU RODRIGUES DE MELO
  • Data: Feb 20, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • Measuring the impact of change in land use and management over time has been evaluated using soil quality indicators. Among them, aggregation (stability, genesis and/or formation pathways) and soil organic matter (SOM) (accumulation, protection and/or origin) stand out, always highlighting the close correlation that exists between them. The present stuy was divided into 2 chapters with different objectives: Chapter I, to evaluate physical and chemical attributes, pathways formation and organic carbon levels and forms in aggregates of areas under direct no till system (SPD), conventional planting system (SPC) and Cerrado area (AC); and Chapter II, to evaluate the different fractions of SOM in psychogenic and biogenic aggregates in areas of SPD with 6 and 18 years of age (SPD6 and SPD18) of installation under different plant cover in the Cerrado of Minas Gerais, Uberaba. In Chapter I, three managed areas (management systems) and a reference area without anthropic action were evaluated, totaling four different sample areas: SPD with 6 years (SPD6), SPD with 18 years (SPD18), SPC with 20 years (SPC20) and a Cerrado area (AC). For Chapter II, two areas managed under SPD with different adoptions times and plant coverings and a reference area were evaluated, configuring seven sample areas: SPD6, millet (SPD6MI); SPD6, brachiaria (SPD6BR); SPD6, crotalaria (SPD6CR); SPD18, millet (SPD18MI); SPD18, brachiaria (SPD18BR); SPD18, crotalaria (SPD18CR); and Cerrado area (AC). In each sample area five pseudopetitions were collected in 0.00-0.05 and 0.05-0.10 m depth entirely randomized delineation. After collection the samples were air-dried and later submitted to screening using a set of 9.7 and 8.0 mm mesh sieves, being selected only the aggregates retained in this interval. In these, the percentage of each type of aggregate was quantified from their identification and separation into physiogenic and biogenic. Subsequently, total organic carbon (TOC) and soil organic matter fractionation (SOM) analyses were performed: chemical (C-FAF, C-FAH and C-FHUM), particle physics (COP and COAM) and densimetric physics (CFLL). Among the management systems, the first chapter concludes that the biogenic aggregates contributed more effectively in the protection and stabilization of MOS, mainly of the most labile fractions (COP and CFLL), reducing their decomposition rates and increasing the potential for soil carbon sequestration. In the second chapter the biogenic aggregation presented higher protection, stabilization and accumulation capacity of both the most labile fractions (COP and CFLL) and the most stable (C-FAH, C-FHUM and COAM) of MOS. The results of MOS among the formation pathways were more influenced by the time of adoption of SPDs and their plant cover, than of the different soil management systems.

6
  • MELANIA MERLO ZIVIANI
  • Stocks and Stabilization Mechanisms of C and N in Urucu Soils, Central Amazon Region.

  • Advisor : ERIKA FLAVIA MACHADO PINHEIRO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ERIKA FLAVIA MACHADO PINHEIRO
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • DAVID VILAS BOAS DE CAMPOS
  • Data: Feb 27, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • The stabilization of carbon in soils is governed by the following mechanisms: recalcitrance of organic material, physical protection that occurs during the formation of aggregates and chemical protection that is related to the formation of organo-mineral complexes. The general objective of the work was to evaluate the C and N stock in soils in the Urucu region, Central Amazonia. The objective of the work is also to contribute to an understanding of the relationship between the relief factor (represented by soil drainage) and vegetation in C and N reserves in soils in this region, as well as to elucidate the main mechanisms responsible for carbon stabilization in these soils. The stocks of C and N were calculated and the chemical and physical attributes of thirty-five soil profiles of the region of Urucu, Central Amazonia were evaluated. Physical fractionation of organic matter was carried out in ten soil profiles representative of the region, under different drainage and vegetation conditions. Carbon stocks ranged from 33.0 to 230.3 Mg ha-1 and N stocks ranged from 13.0 to 44.2 Mg ha-1. The factors responsible for the accumulation of organic matter in soils were relief (influencing drainage) and vegetation. The contribution of MOS, measured by the entry of light fraction, was distinct in the three positions of the relief (on dry land, terraces and fluvial plains). In places of good drainage (terra firma) the general averages of FLL and FLI were 141.9 g kg-1 of soil and 22.0 g kg-1 of soil, respectively. In places of poor drainage (fluvial plains) the average FLL and FLI observed were 136.4 g kg-1 of soil, 34.8 g kg-1 of soil, respectively. And in terraces (imperfect drainage) the highest averages of 827.4 g kg-1 of FLL soil and 55.8 g kg-1 of FLI soil were observed. These contributions are directly related to the factors that influence the permanence of organic material in the soil, such as relief and vegetation type. The levels of clay and light fractions of organic matter had a high relationship with the stocks of C and N. On the contrary, the contents of sand and silt and the ratio C / N showed an inverse relationship with the stocks of C and N. By analyzing the dendrogram, soil classes were grouped according to drainage (well, imperfectly and poorly drained). The highest contents of C and N stocks were observed in imperfectly drained soils, followed by well drained soils and lastly in poorly drained soils.

7
  • HUGO MACHADO RODRIGUES
  • Fast and accurate soil ECa maps for EM38-MK2 survey: optimizing transect spacing, sample density and outpout spatial resolution 

  • Advisor : MARCOS BACIS CEDDIA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • MARCOS BACIS CEDDIA
  • HELENA SARAIVA KOENOW PINHEIRO
  • RONALDO PEREIRA DE OLIVEIRA
  • Data: Feb 28, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • Establishing a sample design plan is one of the most important stages for detailed soil recognition and is a challenge for geostatistical interpolators, such as kriging, to be used in computerized support and decision support systems, due to the high processing time required. This study aimed to evaluate four levels of spacing (40, 80, 150 and 300m) between apparent electrical conductivity (CEa) data collection lines with the Geonics EM38-MK2 sensor, in an area of 72ha under irrigation pivot , located in the municipality of Itaí, São Paulo. To assess the effect of the distance between the lines in the uncertainties of the CEa maps produced by ordinary kriging, the root mean square error index (REQM) was used and the spacing levels were associated with seven spatial resolutions for mapping (100 , 80, 50, 30, 20, 10 and 5m), in order to identify the shortest machine time for the interpolation of each map via microbenchmark. The maps that used resolutions 100, 80 and 50m for the four spacing levels did not demonstrate compatibility with the extension of the study area, since they made the interpretation of the spatial variability of CEa unfeasible. The 5m resolution map with 40m spaced data took 17 minutes to execute and had the lowest REQM among all the evaluated maps, 0.47. The time associated with excess precision for precision agriculture operations has shown that 5m is an inadequate resolution. Thus, the remaining resolutions to choose from were 30, 20 and 10m, observing that the REQM values increase as the data lines are spaced and, as the resolution is refined, the REQM values decrease by spacing level, being 1.09 the lowest value found for 80m of spacing and 10m resolution. To reduce the time of 77s required for making the map, using the combination of the data set with 80m spacing and the resolution of 10m, 25, 50, 75 and 95% of the points were randomly removed. The REQM value for the map with 25% removal was 1.09, and the time for producing the map was reduced to 42s. The maps with the data removed in 50 and 75% presented REQM 1.21, and the times were 20 and 4.9 seconds, respectively. When producing the map with the data removed in 95% of the points, the time did not exceed 1s, however, the REQM of 1.54 presents greater uncertainties when using spacing between lines of 150m. Therefore, the sample design containing 512 points, referring to the set with 75% of data removed from the 80m spacing, produced a map with a 10m spatial resolution. In this way, it allowed the detailed recognition of the CEa variability with REQM 1.21 and processing time less than 10s

8
  • GUSTAVO SOUZA LIMA SANT'ANNA
  • Bacterial diversity in soils cultivated with cover crops under no-tillage and conventional tillage in the organic production unit

  • Advisor : IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • NIVALDO SCHULTZ
  • MARCIA REED RODRIGUES COELHO
  • Data: Apr 17, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • No-Tillage (NT) has been adopted as an alternative to the conventional Tillage (CT) for a betteragro-ecosystem conservation. In this context, cover crops are essential for the production of litter and release of nutrients in the soil, which directly influences microbial populations. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the bacterial diversity of soils under CT and NT with different cover plants in an organic production unit in Seropedica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Experiment I was conducted in a randomized block design with 2 plots (CT and NT) with 4 replications. The black oats were sown in a total area and, when the flowering was reached, the oats were incorporated or maintained on the soil surface. Then corn was sown in all plots. Soil sampleswerecollected in the initial time, after black oats cultivation and after corn harvest at a depth of 0-5 cm. The Experiment II was conducted sequentially in a factorial design (2 x 6) with subdivided plots, with 2 plots of CT and NT, 6 subplots with cover crops:pearl millet, sunn hemp, jack bean, cocktail 1 and cocktail 2, using 100 and 50 % of the recommended amount of seeds for each species, respectively, and spontaneous plants, and 4 repetitions. Soil samples were collected after cultivation of cover plants at a depth of 0-5 cm. The chemical characterization and soil DNA extraction was carried out for sequencing the Bacteria rrs gene. In experiment I, between the initial characterization and corn in CT and NT, an increase in the phosphorus content and a decrease in carbon, an increase in the diversity indexes and a change in the bacterial composition was observed, mainly in relation to the phylum candidate division WPS-1 which had an increased relative abundance and the Micrococcaceae family which showed a decrease in its relative abundance after conversion to agricultural area. After corn harvest, potassium was higher in CT and unclassified families of the class Spartobacteria and Chitinophagaceae were more abundant in NT. In experiment II, the different cover crops did not promote changes in the chemical attributes of the soil. The spontaneous plants promoted an increase in microbial diversity in relation to sunn hemp. Jack beans and cocktails 1 and 2 promoted higher relative abundance of the Sphingomonadaceae and Bradyrhyzobiacae families, while spontaneous plants resulted in a higher relative abundance of unclassified bacteria and the Planctomycetaceae family. The NT in relation to the CT showed higher levels of organic carbon and phosphorus, and there was change in the bacterial community with an increase in the relative abundance of Spartobacteria unclassified families and Flavobacteriaceae and a decrease in the relative abundance of Gaiellaceae and Gemmatimonadaceae families. It is expected the effects of the different cover crops in CT and NT on the physical-chemical characteristics and on the bacterial communities of the soils will be more evidentin the next cycles, since, until now, their effects have been evaluated after cultivation.

9
  • ADEMIR JUNIOR FORNACIARI
  • Feasibility Assessment of the Reuse of Agricultural Waste for the production of Pleorotus ostreatus in Governador Lindenberg-ES

     

  • Advisor : RICARDO LUIZ LOURO BERBARA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • RICARDO LUIZ LOURO BERBARA
  • DOUGLAS SIQUEIRA DE ALMEIDA CHAVES
  • SANDY SAMPAIO VIDEIRA
  • Data: Jul 10, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • The fungi are important in several environments. Being primary degraders responsible for nutrient cycling in the forest ecosystems. The food industry has a very important role and a production of edible mushrooms, as a product on the rise in the country due to its growing consumption. For the commercial cultivation of mushrooms, it is necessary in addition to knowledge about favorable climatic conditions for their development, being necessary to search for substrates that favor the best development of the fungus, obtaining better biological efficiency. Therefore, edible mushrooms can grow in different lignocellulosic residues. Given the above, mitigating to reuse agricultural waste from the State of Espírito Santo the aim of this study this type of research on formulations of efficient substrates, reusing agricultural research waste in the city of Governor Lindenberg - ES. In addition to evaluating the production parameters or the present study, the antioxidant activity of mushrooms from food is applied to coffee husks, coconut husks, cocoa husks, cane bagasse and elephant grass control. Therefore, the substrate contains sugarcane bagasse that presents the best result of biological efficiency, followed by coconut shell and elephant grass. The substrate containing coffee husks and cocoa husks did not undergo fruiting, with higher percentages of contamination. Regarding the total amount of radical DPP, the substrates containing elephant grass stood out, followed by coconut husks and sugarcane bagasse. In relation to total phenolics, the concentration of total phenolic content was higher in mushrooms grown in coconut shell and cane bagasse in relation to elephant grass. In view of the study of reuse of agricultural residues, an economic viability project was carried out that allows the opening of an edible mushroom production company in Espírito Santo with the use of agricultural foods. The project submitted to the first Sinapse da Inovação program was approved and from it appeared Pé da Serra company specialized in the production of edible mushrooms. The reuse of agricultural waste appears as an opportunity for income diversification for farmers in the region.

10
  • HUGO FELIPE VIANNA FIGUEIRA
  • Lead and copper sorption in wastes from the extraction of humic substances from the poultry litter

  • Advisor : NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • FABIANA SOARES DOS SANTOS
  • FARLEY ALEXANDRE DA FONSECA BREDA
  • NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • Data: Aug 13, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • Due to anthropic actions, high concentrations of heavy metals are being found in the environment on a recurring basis, causing toxicity in living beings, contaminating surface and subsurface waters, soil, atmosphere and foods. Containment or chemical immobilization is a technique that aims to remove metals from the solution of the soil and aquatic media. The general objective of this work was to evaluate the waste potential of humic substances (SH) extraction from composted litter as a biosorbent of Pb and Cu and the influence of the composting time on the sorption of these two metals. For this purpose, its lead and copper sorption capacity was evaluated at different composting times. The waste was collected at different times of composting (30, 60, 90 and 120 days) from poultry litter, from the poultry pole of São José do Vale do Rio Preto - RJ. To characterize the organic structure of the waste, at different times of composting, the 13C-NMR spectroscopy technique was performed. The total content of heavy metals in the different composting times was also determined. For the Pb and Cu adsorption test, the laboratory Batch Method was used. The most appropriate isotherm model to describe the sorption of these metals, in the studied wastes, was determined using the IsoFit program. To compare the isotherm models, the determination coefficient (R2), the Akaike criterion (AIC), corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc), Akaike variation (ΔAICc) and the Akaike criterion weighting (AICw) were used as criteria. The model selected in general to describe the adsorption of Pb in the waste was the linear model and the model selected to describe the adsorption of Cu was Langmuir. For all composting times, there was a predominance of specific adsorption for lead and copper, in addition to an increase in recalcitrant structures and a decrease in aliphatic groups within 120 days of composting. By the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) it was possible to verify the preference of copper for more aromatic and stable chains, mainly, in the time of 120 days, however the lead shows affinity for more aliphatic chains and for the waste obtained at 90 days of composting.

    K

11
  • CAMILLA SANTOS REIS DE ANDRADE DA SILVA
  • Soil quality of a no-tillage vegetable system, under organic production in Seropédica (RJ)

  • Advisor : ERIKA FLAVIA MACHADO PINHEIRO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ERIKA FLAVIA MACHADO PINHEIRO
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • BEATA EMOKE MADARI
  • Data: Oct 21, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • Conservation management techniques promote the recovery of the productive potential of the soil and enable the sustainable management of this natural resource. These techniques present approaches equivalent to the principles of organic production systems. It is believed that no-tillage, by maintaining vegetation cover, reducing soil disturbance and prioritizing soil conservation, constitutes a strategic tool to enhance sustainability in the organic cultivation of vegetables. The general objective of the work was to evaluate the effect of direct planting of vegetables on soil attributes in organic production systems, in a Red-Yellow Argisol in Seropédica (RJ). The study was conducted at SIPA-Integrated System of Agroecological Production, better known as Fazendinha Agroecológica Km 47, located in Seropédica-RJ. Three organic management systems were evaluated: a) no-till system (PD) using straw shredder (Triton); b) conventional tillage of the soil, using the rotary hoe (PC-ER) and; c) conventional soil preparation, using a plow and two harrows (PC-AG). The planting of the vegetables was carried out after the pre-cultivation management that refers to the intercropping of corn with legumes (pork beans, crotalaria and mucuna). The experimental design used was a randomized block with three treatments and four replications. Vegetable productivity was assessed over five agricultural years. The deformed and undisturbed soil samples, in the 0-5 and 5-10 cm layers, were collected in 2018, four years after the implementation of the experiment, for the evaluation of the following soil attributes: granulometry, aggregation and organic carbon content in aggregates, soil density, particle density, total porosity, resistance to penetration, gravimetric moisture, light fraction of organic matter, soil fertility, total organic carbon and edaphic macrofauna. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the means of soil management treatments for most of the evaluated physical attributes. One of the attributes that showed a statistical difference was the resistance to soil penetration at a depth of 0-25 cm. The PC-AG treatment showed less resistance than the PD and the PC-ER. This lower resistance to penetration in the PC-AG treatment is conditioned by the effect of the recent soil turning (approximately one month) in the experimental area. Regarding chemical and biological attributes, the carbon content in the soil aggregates, the free light fraction and the soil fauna were sensitive to management practices. The first two attributes were superior in the PC-ER in the 0-5 cm layer. The PD treatment favored the higher density and richness of the soil fauna groups, which is considered an important biological indicator of soil quality. Four years after the implementation of treatments, the different agricultural practices of organic soil management, in addition to providing levels equal to the adequate national average for the productivity of vegetables, also favored the maintenance of soil fertility and physical quality.

12
  • OTAVIO AUGUSTO QUEIROZ DOS SANTOS
  • Impact of agricultural management in Histosols in the state of Rio de Janeiro.

  • Advisor : MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • ARCANGELO LOSS
  • JOLIMAR ANTONIO SCHIAVO
  • Data: Oct 26, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • Histosols are soils with high levels of organic matter and responsible for storing carbon and nitrogen, important in the formation of greenhouse gases (GHG). Proper management preserves organic matter and, consequently, mitigates GHG production. The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in the properties of Histosols; content of organic matter and sulfate, stocks of C and N, availability and content of the fractions of P, depending on the soil turning and artificial drainage. For this study, three areas were selected: secondary forest in natural regeneration, conventional cultivation of cassava (Manihot sculenta) and intercropped coconut (Cocos nucifera) with cassava, in which profiles were opened and description and sample collection were carried out. Chemical characterization, von Post scale of decomposition of organic matter, percentage of rubbed fiber, organic matter content, percentage of mineral material, soil density, electrical conductivity, soluble sulfate, total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (NT), chemical fractionation of organic matter and C and N stocks and sequential fractionation of P. The results of chapter I show that the values of COT and NT decreased 33 and 20%, respectively, in the histic horizon in the area with cassava cultivation. In the area of coconut intercropped with manioc, the TOC and NT values decreased by 31 and 18%, respectively, in the histic horizon. There were also losses of labile organic carbon and development of the sulfidization process. The results of Chapter II show that in the cassava cultivation area there was a reduction in the total P content of the soil in subsurface by 35.6 and 37.9%, when compared to the coconut cultivation area intercropped with cassava and with the area of forest, respectively. In all areas there was a predominance of the fraction of highly recalcitrant residual P (> 70%) in the total P content of the soil. The available P content was reduced only in the cassava cultivation area. Soil drainage and turnover reduced the stocks of C and N in the soil and also, in the P adsorption and mineralization processes, affecting all of its inorganic fractions.

13
  • DIEINI MELISSA TELES DOS SANTOS
  • Inoculation of mung beans (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) with commercial strains of Bradyrhizobium: grain yeld evaluation in the municipality of Campos dos Goytacazes - RJ

     

  • Advisor : GUSTAVO RIBEIRO XAVIER
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ADELSON PAULO DE ARAUJO
  • NORMA GOUVÊA RUMJANEK
  • SEGUNDO SACRAMENTO URQUIAGA CABALLERO
  • Data: Oct 30, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • Mung beans (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek), originally from India, are part of the dietary base of several tropical and subtropical countries due to their high protein value, characterizing a high quality pulse and can be an alternative for the diversification of grain-producing legumes in Brazil. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of inoculation of mung bean seeds with Bradyrhizobium strains registered for cowpea (V. unguiculata (L.) Walp), soybean (Glycine max L.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on grain yield. A trial under axenic conditions was previously installed in a greenhouse at Embrapa Agrobiologia, Seropédica-RJ, for the selection of efficient strains for mung beans, with twelve treatments (4 strains from cowpea, 4 from soybean, 3 from common bean and an uninoculated control). The variables analyzed were: number of nodules (NN), accumulated dry mass of nodules (NDM), root (RDM) and shoot (SDM). Three cowpea strains (BR 3301, BR 3302 and BR 3267) and one soybean strain (BR 96) were able to form nodules in mung beans and promote biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Simultaneously, a test was performed with increasing levels of N, aiming at determining the optimal dose to be applied under field conditions as a positive control. From the results obtained for the analyzed variables (RDM and SDM), an optimal dose of 240 kg of N ha-1 was estimated. A trial with six treatments (4 selected strains, uninoculated control and application of 240 kg of N ha-1) and four replications was installed in the UFRRJ experimental field, Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ. The variables analyzed were: NN, NDM, RDM, SDM, accumulated N and N content in the aerial part and grain yield. The variables associated with BNF determined by the 15N natural abundance technique were also evaluated: N content derived from BNF, atmospheric N accumulated (Ndfa) and nodular efficiency (Ndfa NN-1). Yield of mung bean grains inoculated with strain BR 3302 was about 18% more than the non-inoculated control and did not differ significantly from the treatment that received 240 kg N ha-1. However, as BNF contribution by BR 3302 strain was similar to the control, the yield increase resulted mainly from soil N, suggesting that this strain has other promoting plant growth characteristics in addition to BNF. Under the experimental conditions characterized by a naturalized bacterial community capable of providing around 40% of the N for the crop, in addition to the presence of available N in the soil, BR 3302 through growth promotion activity provided 1834 kg of grains ha-1 derived from soil N and 1003 kg of grains ha-1 derived from BNF. The versatility of BR 3302 strain may indicate an adaptive potential capable to meet the demand of mung bean crop under different edaphic and climatic conditions.

14
  • NIRIELE BRUNO RODRIGUES
  • Establishment of Heavy Metal Quality Reference Values and
    Digital Mapping of Soil Chemical and Physical Attributes of the North and Northwest
    Fluminense, RJ.

  • Advisor : NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • FERNANDA ARAÚJO DOS SANTOS
  • HELENA SARAIVA KOENOW PINHEIRO
  • NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • Data: Nov 26, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • The demand for information about the soil resource, especially the contamination by heavy
    metals of agroecosystems has increased in recent decades as a result of the massive use of
    agrochemicals and animal production waste, which has caused the accumulation and transfer
    of toxic metals to food, restricting soil ecosystem services and offering risks to human health.
    The North and Northwest regions have great socioeconomic relevance in the agricultural sector
    and in the oil activity. It presents heterogeneous physiographic characteristics, demanding
    support information for soil management and conservation for sustainable agricultural
    production. Thus, in search of reference values for heavy metals, associated with the elucidation
    of mechanisms and the spatial distribution of chemical and physical attributes in soils of
    dynamic and heterogeneous environments, this research aimed to establish reference values for
    soil quality for heavy metals: As; Pb; Cd; Ni; Cu; Co; Ba; Cr; Zn; Mn, and Al, and to spatialize
    the contents of these metals associated to environmental covariables, from the North and
    Northwest regions of the State of Rio de Janeiro. For the methodological procedures of Chapter
    I, the use of descriptive statistics associated with the technique of digital soil mapping was
    adopted, with the help of the software RStudio (3.6.1), Saga GIS (2.1.2) and Quantum Gis (v.
    3.4). For terrain morphometric variables, MDE-HC and Landsat 8 sensor data were used,
    totaling 21 predictor environmental covariables with spatial resolution of 90 m. For the
    sampling procedure, the Latin Conditioned Hypercube (cLHS) method was used, collecting
    samples in areas with low or no anthropic activity. We used data only from the superficial layer
    (0- 20 cm), in 97 sample points. For the prediction of chemical and physical attributes the
    Random Forest (RF) model was adopted, implemented via RStudio. The results indicated that
    for the mean quadratic error parameter (RMSE) a variation between 1.32-8571.34 was obtained,
    so the data set also showed significant changes. In chapter II, the results obtained via the
    VarImport ranking found that, in comparison with the Landsat-8 image index, the covariates
    from MDE-HC obtained a better performance to predict soil attributes. The coefficient of
    determination (R²) of the models of heavy metals and soil texture varied between 0.22-0.87, Pb
    (0.55), Ni (0.62), Co (0.66), Mn (0.73), Cu (0.74), Al (0.77) and Zn ( 0.77) and As (0.86)
    considered strong. Regarding the granulometric fraction, the variability of clay (0.87), sand
    (0.84) and silt (0.85) is classified as strong, showing different patterns of variability and use of
    similar predictive covariates. For chapter 2, the same sample mesh of 97 points was also used,
    considering 2 depths (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm), totaling 194 soil samples. For the determination
    of the heavy metal pseudo total contents, the 3051A (USEPA) method was used, and the extract
    readings were performed by ICP-OES. For the statistical treatment, the technique of
    multivariate statistics was used to establish the reference values of soil quality. The samples
    were grouped in 3 groups those of group 1 (G1) with the highest reference values and those of
    group 3 (G3) with the lowest. The results obtained were satisfactory through the integration of
    geochemistry with spatial analysis, contributing to fill the scientific gap about the VRQS for
    the North and Northwest regions of Rio de Janeiro, thus corroborating as support for
    environmental legislation in the state of Rio de Janeiro, and also for the knowledge and
    understanding of the natural levels of heavy metals associated with spatial variability and their
    interaction with soil properties.

15
  • LORRAINE CRISTINA HENRIQUE ALMEIDA
  • Thermo-biochemical control of rickets in the stalk of pre-sprouted sugarcane seedlings. 

  • Advisor : VERONICA MASSENA REIS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • JEAN LUIZ SIMÔES DE ARAÚJO
  • LEANDRO AZEVEDO SANTOS
  • NIVALDO SCHULTZ
  • VERONICA MASSENA REIS
  • Data: Dec 18, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • In the culture of sugarcane, heat treatment is used to control an important disease, Raquitismo da Soqueira, caused by the pathogenic bacteria Leifsoniaxyli subsp. Xyl (Lxx). To reduce the inoculum of such a pathogen in the production of pre-sprouted seedlings, heat treatment is used in the mini-jackets with water at 52 ° C for 30 min. However, studies show that such treatment has leaks that serve as a source of inoculum. Among the beneficial effects of plant growth-promoting bacteria, BPC’s, it is believed that the disease-suppressing effect may assist in the biocontrol of Leifsoniaxyli subsp. Xyli for competing for colonization sites, since both colonize xylem vessels. The objective of the present work was to improve the thermal treatment with the addition of chemical additive to the 52 ° C treatment, together with the inoculation with plant growth promoting bacteria, which allows greater efficiency in the control of Lxx, little interference in sprouting and less time of thermotherapy and evaluate: sprouting speed index (IVB), survival of diazotrophic bacteria by the Most Probable Number Method (NMP), biological N2 fixation by the acetylene reduction technique (ARA) and quantify the effect of the treatments used in the control of Lxx through qPCR under the hypothesis that thermotherapy with reduced time and with chemical additive using 2% acetic acid may favor the initial establishment of diazotrophic bacteria used as a sugarcane inoculant and have a biocontrol effect on the causative pathogen of rickets of the brass knuckle. The treatments used were: Heat treatments with water at 52 ° C for 30 "; acetic acid solution 2%; without heat treatment or additive (control); Uninoculated treatment (control); inoculated with the mixture of 5 strains Nitrospirillum amazonense, Herbaspirillum seropedicae, Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans, Paraburkholderia tropica, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus.

Thesis
1
  • ROSALBA ORTEGA FORS
  • Sugarcane root fungal endophytes in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

  • Advisor : RICARDO LUIZ LOURO BERBARA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
  • CAMILA MAISTRO PATREZE
  • MARCO AURÉLIO CARBONE CARNEIRO
  • ORIVALDO JOSE SAGGIN JUNIOR
  • Data: Feb 12, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • The growing world population represents a challenge to food production and, with this, to the agricultural technologies used. However, the negative effects on the environment derived from the indiscriminate use of chemical inputs in conventional agriculture are currently evident. A promising alternative lies in the application of plant growth promoting microorganisms, and development of biological inoculants. The present qualification exam, refers to the thesis entitled "Sugarcane root fungal endophytes in the state of São Paulo, Brazil".  As part of the exam, the following topics will be addressed: factors determining the rhizospheric and root endophytic microbial communities, main molecular techniques used for microbial identification, methods to evaluate plant growth promotion capacity by microorganisms and potential ways to inoculate root endophytic fungi.

2
  • LEONARDO DURVAL DUARTE GUIMARAES
  • Analisys of heavy metal contamination and fertility in mountain agro-ecosystem soils, Mountain Region - RJ

  • Advisor : NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • EDUARDO LIMA
  • NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • ERICA SOUTO ABREU LIMA
  • CESAR DA SILVA CHAGAS
  • WALDIR DE CARVALHO JUNIOR
  • Data: Feb 17, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • The present work is being carried out in two study areas, the first being the Serrana Region of the State of Rio de Janeiro, and the second agricultural area of the Micracacia of Barracão dos Mendes, Nova Friburgo - RJ. These areas are characterized by a large concentration of family farmers in the State of Rio de Janeiro, producers of vegetables to supply the Metropolitan region, making this region considered a major agricultural center. The knowledge of the natural contents of metals in soils is considered as a reference of the content in the environment, which is very interesting when studying the impacts of anthropic activities on the environment, as well as studies of contamination and soil pollution. The objective in the first area of study is to evaluate the distribution of the natural contents of heavy metals, as well as to identify which factors are influencing this distribution. And the objective in the second area of study is to evaluate the distribution of the heavy metals contents, as well as to identify which factors are influencing the enrichment of the soil with these elements. For this purpose, representative points were selected in both regions, being in the Serrana Region 62 points whose area had not suffered any or low anthropic activity of the region, to collect samples of soils at depths 0-0.2 and 0.2 to 0.4m. And in the Barracão dos Mendes Microbacia 498 points in agricultural areas. The samples were submitted to soil fertility determination and determination of total metals (Fe, Al, Mn, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn). R software was used for geostatistical analysis (ordinary kriging), as well as for the data mining methods (Random Forest, Artificial Neural Networks and Boosted Regression Trees) and the final maps of the distribution of the natural contents for the two depths will be made in ArcGIS v.10.4 software. It is expected that with the interpretation of the distribution maps of the metals contents in the Serrana Region of Rio de Janeiro we can indicate the influence of lithology, soils and relief in the natural contents of the studied metals. As with the interpretation of the distribution maps of the metals contents in Barracão dos Mendes Microbacia, we are able to identify the influence of antropic activity on the distribution of metals.

3
  • SHIRLEI ALMEIDA ASSUNÇÃO
  • CHEMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER AND PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONS AND FORMS IN DIFFERENT SOIL USE SYSTEMS

  • Advisor : MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • BRUNO JOSÉ RODRIGUES ALVES
  • ARCANGELO LOSS
  • DAVID VILAS BOAS DE CAMPOS
  • JOSE LUIZ RODRIGUES TORRES
  • Data: Feb 18, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • Due to its importance in tropical soils, organic matter becomes an important indicator of soil quality. In addition to having a direct influence on soil phosphorus (P) availability, mainly in oxide soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in the chemical and functional structure of soil organic matter (SOM) and to demonstrate how the fractions and forms of phosphorus in the soil behave in different management systems in oxidized soil. Three managed areas and one reference area (native forest) were evaluated. The three areas managed include: no-tillage system (NT), conventional tillage system (T) and permanent pasture (PP). Total organic carbon (TOC), potassium permanganate oxidizable carbon (POX), carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks, chemical and densimetric SOM fractions, 13C natural abundance, and spectroscopic characterization were quantified. using 13C NMR in humic acid (HA), remaining phosphorus, available phosphorus, total phosphorus and 31P NMR in HA, in addition to the forms of iron and aluminum oxalate and dithionite. The results showed that the area with forest (F) accumulates high amount of organic C in surface (chemical, densimetric fractions), favoring the formation of predominantly aliphatic HA. On the other hand, in the NT, despite the constant contribution of biomass to the soil, there is low incorporation of aliphatic structures in HA, indicating a higher carbon mineralization. In the PP system, the formation of HA similar to those observed in the area of F was verified. In the T, it was found less incorporation of total organic carbon (TOC), C and N stock and the formation of HA of different compositions in comparison. with the other forms of management. With these results, it is possible to state that the poorly managed and more stabilized systems in tropical climate populate the formation of HA with compositional and structural similarity independent of the carbon nature (C3 and C4). Conversely, in areas managed with or without greater carbon input, structurally different HA are observed when compared with the PP and F areas. This study opens new research possibilities where it is necessary to model experiments that provide specific answers on the relationship. between the contribution of C, the management and the formation of humic substances. Regarding the availability of P, in the area of PP management, lower crystalline forms of Fe were observed, possibly due to the higher humidity present in this area due to the soil cover. Higher levels of available P were quantified in the management area SPD and PP in all evaluated layers and higher levels of Rem-P and total P in the 0-0.05 m layers, indicating that soil non-revolving and MOS accumulation are essential. for the maintenance of P. There was no relationship between the availability of P and the soil Fe. 31P CP MAS NMR spectra HA showed predominance of organic forms of P. The management with PP favored the accumulation of P-diester. In the area of F the incorporation of sugar-like nucleotides is observed and in the management of T and NT the P-monoester structures accumulated in greater quantity. The higher cultivation intensity seems to favor the more recalcitrant organic P structures.

     

4
  • ELEANDRO SILVA DA CRUZ
  • Initial growth of black pepper plants: substrates, irrigation regimes and biocontrol of Fusarium spp. with Trichoderma spp.

  • Advisor : DANIEL FONSECA DE CARVALHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • DANIEL FONSECA DE CARVALHO
  • EVERALDO ZONTA
  • LEONARDO OLIVEIRA MEDICI
  • CARLOS RODRIGUES PEREIRA
  • ROBSON BONOMO
  • Data: Feb 19, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • The choice of suitable substrates and management techniques can be decisive for the success or failure of cultivations in pots, such as in black pepper seedlings (Piper nigrum L.). This study aimed to evaluate chemical and physical characteristics of substrates, as well as the potential of some of these in the production of black pepper seedlings, submitted to different irrigation regimes (IR). The objective was also to evaluate the growth and photosynthetic efficiency of this type of plant, using commercial products based on Trichoderma spp., With or without infection by Fusarium solani f.sp. piperis, under four IRs. For this, three experiments were carried out on different dates, all in a greenhouse, using the cultivar Bragantina. In Experiment 1 (Chapter I) six substrates obtained by mixing biosolid (BIO), vermicompost (VC), crushed coconut fiber (CF) and granite rock powder (GR), in different proportions, and a commercial substrate at sphagnum moss and vermiculite (CS) based. The formulated substrates showed water retention capacity at 10 hPa up to 70% lower, in comparison with CS. The use of BIO and GR contributes to increase the density of produced substrates. The substrate produced with 75% CF and 25% VC (v/v) has a high aeration space and low water retention capacity. The mixture of 75% BIO and 25% GR (v/v), presents high bioavailability levels of P, Ca, Fe, Zn and Cu. In Experiment 2 (Chapter II), three substrates were tested [75% BIO + 25% CF (S1); 75% BIO + 25% GR (S2); and 50% BIO + 25% GR + 25% CF (S3) ] and five IRs, referring to 36, 54, 85, 100 and 126% of the reference irrigation depth [RID (S1 + 100% RID) ]. The substrate S1 has chemical restrictions, mainly low pH, which can compromise its use for the production of black pepper seedlings, cv. Bragantina. The production of seedlings of these plants, with heights equal to or greater than 20 cm and six or more leaves, is possible with the use of S3 substrate, as long as the water supply is not less than 85% of the plants water requirement. Restriction of up to 15% of the water requirement, do not represent negative impacts on the efficiency of water use by black pepper seedlings, cv. Bragantina. In Experiment 3 (Chapter III), black pepper plants, cultivated with the substrate S3, were evaluated. At 60 days before transplantation, the substrates were treated with commercial products based on Trichoderma harzianum (TH), Trichoderma asperellum (TA) or Trichoderma stromaticum (TS), in the dosages of 2.4 x 104, 1.79 x 103 and 4.56 x 105 UFC g-1 substrate, respectively. The controls consisted of applying systemic fungicide based on Carbendazim (FG) or distilled water (TT). The inoculation with Fusarium solani f.sp. piperis (FSP) was performed at the time of transplantation, by immersing the roots in a spore suspension of the phytopathogen, while distilled water was used on control (FT). The IRs were equivalent to 41, 59, 79 and 100% of the RID (TT + FT + 100% RID), and were applied via an automated microirrigation system. The increase in IRs increases the length of the main stem and the accumulation of dry matter in young black pepper plants. The TA and TS treatments favor the growth of young black pepper plants, while TH affects this growth negatively. The photosynthetic efficiency of young black pepper plants, cv. Bragantina, is negatively affected by infection of Fusarium solani f.sp. piperis at an early stage, and by mild water stress.

5
  • RAFAEL CASSADOR MONTEIRO
  • Effect of the introduction of Arachis pintoi cv. Belomonte in pastures of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandú on dairy production and nitrogen dynamics

  • Advisor : ROBERT MICHAEL BODDEY
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ROBERT MICHAEL BODDEY
  • ADELSON PAULO DE ARAUJO
  • ERIKA FLAVIA MACHADO PINHEIRO
  • OCTAVIO COSTA DE OLIVEIRA
  • DAVID VILAS BOAS DE CAMPOS
  • Data: Feb 20, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • The greenhouse effect is an essential natural process for life on earth. However, the concentration of the gases responsible for global warming has been increasing in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are among the most important greenhouse gases (GHG). Agriculture is the main Brazilian economic activity, however, it is the main producer of N2O, therefore, it is one of the sectors targeted for the implementation of GHG emission mitigation measures. Some of the mitigating measures for agriculture undertaken by Brazil in the Low Carbon Agriculture Plan are the recovery of degraded areas and increased biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). The recovery of degraded areas involves the use of mineral fertilizers that increase GHG emissions after being added to the soil, as well as transport and application stages, which also emit GHGs. The objective of this study was to compare the N cycle between braquiária brizantha Cv Marandú pastures fertilized with 120 kg N ha-1 year-1 (Bb + N) and intercropped with forage peanut Cv Belmonte (Bb + Ar). An experiment was installed at the Far South Experimental Station (ESSUL) of the Executive Committee of the Cacao Plantation (CEPLAC) in Itabela - BA. The adopted system was rotated with 6 days of grazing and 30 days of rest, with three repetitions. Throughout the project, milk production and quality, N2O and NH3 emissions from fertilizer and excreta, urinary and fecal production of animals, as well as N-content of excreta, as well as consumption and intake of N and legume was calculated, and N recycling from litter. N2O fluxes from each treatment were performed using closed static chambers. The first monitoring was started in July 2018 with the application of urea and excreta, and was terminated in January 2019, the following month a new application took place and was conducted until September 2019. Milk production varied over the period. Due to climatic seasonality, which directly influences the amount and quality of forage available to animals, the average production in the period was approximately 517 kg milk ha-1 for Bb + Ar, while Bb + N production was 480 kg milk ha-1. In the first application losses due to fertilizer NH3+ volatilization amounted to 1.38 kg N ha-1, which represented 1.87% of the applied urea, in the second application losses were 2.09 kg N ha-1, 2,49% of the applied urea. In the first application, losses via N2O emission represented 1.69%. The introduction of legumes in the system increased background emissions from intercropping pastures. In excreta, fecal emissions were low, however, for urine, high N2O emission occurred in the first days after application. The decomposition rate of the litter was similar between treatments and was affected with the animals entering the paddocks, the average rates were 0.092 and 0.088 g g-1 day-1, Bb + Ar and Bb + N, respectively. With the animals leaving, in the first 6 days of rest, the rates were 0.100 and 0.104 g g-1 day-1 Bb + Ar and Bb + N, respectively, with increasing rest time the decomposition rate was reduced to approximately 0.060 g g-1 day-1 in both treatments.

6
  • ANDERSON DE SOUZA GALLO
  • Spatial variability of phosphorus forms in soil under conservation management in the integrated agroecological production system, Seropédica - RJ

  • Advisor : EDUARDO LIMA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • EDNALDO DA SILVA ARAÚJO
  • EDUARDO LIMA
  • JOSÉ DE SOUZA OLIVEIRA FILHO
  • JULIANO BAHIENSE STAFANATO
  • MARCOS BACIS CEDDIA
  • Data: Feb 27, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for maintaining the life of all organisms. It is among the most important elements for plant vigor and development. However, it has a strong tendency to react with soil components, adsorbing to colloids or forming low solubility compounds with other ions, making them unavailable to plants. Thus, the adoption of large scale fertilizers is necessary to ensure wide availability of P to plants. Given this scenario, alternative management strategies to reduce dependence on P fertilizer and use it more efficiently should be employed. Thus, knowledge of the dynamics of P transformations in the soil is fundamental. Soil P is divided into two large groups, inorganic P and organic P. Organic P encompasses microbial biomass and products from decomposition of organic matter, so conservationist systems with frequent input of organic matter may favor the levels of the organic fraction of P, which after mineralization constitutes a source of P for plants. These characteristics have increased the scientific interest in accessing organic P for plant production, increasing the number of publications on organic P in the last two decades. The objective of this work was to evaluate the spatial variability of phosphorus forms in soil under conservation management. In addition, in order to evaluate the relevance of organic P in agricultural soils, a study of the structure and evolution of scientific production on organic P of soil at a global level was carried out using a bibliometric approach. To evaluate the structure and evolution of the scientific production on organic P (chapter I), searches were performed by indexed works in the Web of Science database, from 1998-2018. The bibliometric indicators determined were: (a) number of publications per year; (b) number of citations per year; (c) number of publications by authors; (d) number of publications by country and institution; (e) main journals and (f) most cited articles. To evaluate the spatial variability of phosphorus forms in soil under conservation management (chapter II). The studied area is constituted by an experimental module of organic vegetable production, located in the city of Seropédica - RJ. Soil samples were collected in 72 points of the area, with grid of points every 10 meters. Samples were taken at five depths, being 0-0.5 m; 0.5-0.10 m; 0.10-0.20 m; 0.20-0.40 m and 0.40-0.60 m. The labile, moderately labile and moderately resistant fractions of the inorganic and organic forms of P were extracted, as well as the residual P and total P (sum of all fractions). In addition, some chemical and physical soil attributes (routine fertility and particle size analyzes), as well as remaining P, pseudototal Fe content and soil moisture were determined to correlate these attributes with the distribution of P forms in the soil.

7
  • CECILIA DE SOUZA ANTONIO COTRIM
  • Studies of organic sources of nitrogen in the growth and nitrogenase activity of five diazotrophic bacterial strains associated with sugarcane

  • Advisor : VERONICA MASSENA REIS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • BRUNO JOSÉ RODRIGUES ALVES
  • GABRIELA CAVALCANTI ALVES
  • LEANDRO AZEVEDO SANTOS
  • LUC FELICIANUS MARIE ROUWS
  • VERONICA MASSENA REIS
  • Data: Feb 27, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • The interaction between host and bacteria can be affected by several factors, such as plant genotype, bacterial species/ strain and the environmental conditions, especially the available N source and form. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria isolated from sugarcane can be used as an inoculant that promotes plant growth and in addition, can act in the biological process of atmospheric N2 fixation. But both the synthesis and the maintenance of the nitrogenase activity can be affected by the presence of nitrogen, both in the form of ammonium and nitrate ions, but also in the form of amino acids. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bacterial growth and nitrogenase activity of five strains / species of N-fixing bacteria in the presence of different sources of organic nitrogen. The studied strains were: Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus strain BR11281, Herbaspirillum seropedicae BR11335, H. rubrisubalbicans BR11504, Paraburkholderia tropica BR11366 and Nitrospirillum amazonense BR11145. First, the growth of the strains was evaluated using the modified LGI medium changing 20% of the final volume to cane juice filter-sterilized. Then, using different minimal medium with the addition of glutamate and asparagine, in concentrations of 0.0, 0.1; 2.3 and 4.5 mg L-1 and evaluating growth, final pH of the medium and nitrogenase activity. Simultaneously, two varieties of micropropagated sugarcane plants were grown in hydroponic solution for 35 days and the exudates were extracted to evaluate the composition in a CG-MS gas chromatograph. The objective was to detect changes in composition resulting from the inoculation of strains applied in mixture of five. The results showed that only BR11504 was not able to grow in the LGI-modified medium, with BR11281 having the longest generation time and BR11335 the shortest. Of the five strains, two showed acid growth, BR11281 and BR11366; and in less acidity medium, the strain BR11145. The results of adding glutamate to the LGI medium stimulated the growth of all strains, depending on the dose used. The acetylene-reducing activity, which indirectly measures nitrogenase activity, was reduced for the BR11335 strain at concentrations equal to or above 2.3 mg mL-1, which is the most sensitive to the presence of this amino acid. Similarly, strain BR11366 reduced enzyme activity at concentrations above 2.3 mg mL-1. The evaluations carried out with the aid of CG-MS in root exudates of the two varieties of sugarcane observed the presence of different fatty acids, as well as the carbohydrates such as fructose and sucrose, and in this case, the carbohydrates were detected only in the inoculated IACSP95-5000. Likewise, oxalic acid was detected in both varieties when inoculated as well. These results can help to understand the interaction of strains and varieties, producing substances that attract bacteria or even propitiate their multiplication in a different way. Different strains of diazotrophic bacteria, in the presence of amino acids such as glutamate and asparagine, showed differences in growth and nitrogenase activity depending on the strain and dose applied.

8
  • CAMILA FERREIRA MATOS
  • CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOGAS AND BOVINE DIGESTATE AND THE EFFECT OF THEIR APPLICATION ON MAIZE PRODUCTIVITY AND ON SOIL N-NH3 LOSSES

  • Advisor : ERIKA FLAVIA MACHADO PINHEIRO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ERIKA FLAVIA MACHADO PINHEIRO
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • LUAN SOUSA DOS SANTOS
  • DAVID VILAS BOAS DE CAMPOS
  • EDNALDO DA SILVA ARAÚJO
  • Data: Feb 28, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • Milk production in Brazil stands out as one of the main agricultural activities. However, the intensification of this production system results in large concentrations of solid and liquid residues, which are often applied to crops without previous treatment, which can cause soil degradation (salinization, contamination by heavy metals and pathogenic organisms), air pollution (emission of gases that cause greenhouse effect) and aquifers (eutrophication of rivers). In order to avoid these problems, it is recommended that stabilization of the residues, which are normally fresh dumps, be carried out before applying them to the soil. One way is the anaerobic degradation of organic matter that stands out from other treatments for generating, as a final product, biogas and digestate. The first chapter of this work aimed to evaluate the effect of anaerobic digestion of bovine manure, from the organic production system, at different times of hydraulic retention (HRT). Prototypes of batch supply bench biodigestors were built. The treatments consisted of different HRT: T0 - fresh bovine manure, without going through the anaerobic digestion process; T15; T30; T45; T60; T75; T90 and T240 - bovine manure after 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 240 days of anaerobic digestion, respectively. After the stabilization of the manure, which was verified only after 90 days of anaerobic digestion (T90), the digestate was used as organic fertilizer for the cultivation of corn. In the second chapter, the effect of the digestate on corn productivity and the potential for its use as a biofertilizer were evaluated, in comparison with mineral fertilizer (urea). Losses of N-NH3 from bovine digestate and nitrogen fertilizer were also monitored. Eight treatments and four replications were evaluated, totaling 32 experimental units in a completely randomized design, namely: T0: control, T1: nitrogenous mineral fertilization (urea, 20 kg ha-1), T2: nitrogenous mineral fertilization (urea, 40 kg ha -1), T3: nitrogenous mineral fertilization (urea, 80 kg ha-1), T4: nitrogenous mineral fertilization (urea, 120 kg ha-1), T5: organic fertilization (bovine digestate, 20 t ha-1), T6 : organic fertilization (bovine digestate, 40 t ha-1), T7: organic fertilization (bovine digestate, 80 t ha-1), T8: organic fertilization (bovine digestate, 120 t ha-1). Finally, the third chapter was the evaluation of the quantity and quality of the biogas resulting from the anaerobic digestion process of bovine manure, swine manure and swine-bovine mixture (co-digestion). To carry out the experiment, prototypes of biodigesters supplied were used, only once, with the treatments mentioned above. To calculate the biogas production potential, weekly production data were used in relation to the amounts of substrate, total solids and volatile solids. The analysis of the chemical composition of biogas was carried out by means of gas chromatography and the fractions of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were identified.

9
  • JORGE LUIZ HERACLITO DE MATTOS
  • OCCURRENCE OF MACROFUNGS WITH EDIBLE POTENTIAL OF CLASS BASIDIOMICETES IN THREE CONSERVATION UNITS (UCs) OF ATLANTIC MATA BIOMA IN BAIXADA FLUMINENSE - RJ

  • Advisor : RICARDO LUIZ LOURO BERBARA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ALEXANDER SILVA DE RESENDE
  • CARLOS ANTONIO INACIO
  • ELIANE MARIA RIBEIRO DA SILVA
  • MARGARIDA GORETE FERREIRA DO CARMO
  • RICARDO LUIZ LOURO BERBARA
  • Data: Feb 28, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • The production of mushrooms in Brazil is still inexpressive in the world scenario, but has great potential. Approximately 25 mushrooms are used in cooking today and even fewer are grown. In Brazil, the species consumed are: Boletus edulis (fungi secchi), Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes (shiitake), Agaricus bisporus (champignon de Paris). Besides these, there are those that are native and edible, but are not commercially produced, for example: Auricularia fuscosuccinea, Macrolepiota procera, Polyporus tenuiculus and Oudemansiella canarii being of great relevance because they can occur naturally in the forests and can be an alternative to the production national. An agro-industry based on macro-fungus and its products, it needs that its technological development rests on a strong scientific base, having in mind the conception of sustainable use and preservation of forest resources. Brazilian natural forests harbor enormous potential for the bioprospecting of basidiomycete fungi of economic value. In three fragments of the Atlantic Forest it would be possible to identify, classify and catalog the occurrence of undiscovered mushrooms that may be of great economic interest. For this reason, the research project aims to determine the occurrence and to identify macrofung species with edible potential in three Conservation Units (UCs) of the Atlantic Forest Biome in Baixada Fluminense - RJ. In addition, it proposes its later isolation in axenic conditions, as well as its cultivation in substrates taking advantage of agroindustrial residues and comparison of Biological Efficiency. In this way, establishing a methodology for its subsequent commercial production.

10
  • NATHALIA DE FRANÇA GUIMARÃES
  • Identification and growth promotion of diazotrophic bacteria isolated from different genotypes of the Saccharum complex.

  • Advisor : VERONICA MASSENA REIS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • VERONICA MASSENA REIS
  • ADELSON PAULO DE ARAUJO
  • EDERSON DA CONCEIÇÃO JESUS
  • LUC FELICIANUS MARIE ROUWS
  • LUIS HENRIQUE DE BARROS SOARES
  • Data: Feb 28, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • Bacteria described as plant growth promoters can act on the development of sugarcane cultivars through various mechanisms, such as biological nitrogen fixation, nutrient solubilization, synthesis of siderophores and plant growth hormones, in addition to contributing to the resistance of biotic stresses and abiotic from different plants. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the growth promotion of inoculated diazotrophic bacteria in cultivars belonging to the Saccharum complex, and from root samples, isolate and characterize bacteria from these different genotypes. Several experiments were carried out in a greenhouse using the cultivars: one belonging to the species Saccharum spontaneum - US72-1319, five from Erianthus arundinaceus - IJ76-364, IJ76-358, IJ76-359, IJ76-381 and IJ76-384; two from Saccharum robustum - IJ76-414 and IM76-228, two from Saccharum barberi - White Pararia and IN84-58, one Saccharum sinense - Maneria, three Saccharum officinarum - White, Biscuit and Q45830 and one Miscanthus sp. - cultivate Fiji 15; all from Embrapa's germplasm bank. Experiments were developed with a randomized block design (DBC) in a double factorial scheme (2x2) with five replications. The factors were: absence or presence of inoculation with five strains of diazotrophic bacteria: Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus; Herbaspirillum seropedicae; Herbaspirillum. rubrisubalbicans; Paraburkholderia tropica and Nitrospirillum amazonense; and absence or not of short thermal treatment (TT) (52°C for 30 min). The mini-specimens (one yolk) were placed in a box containing sterile substrate to evaluate sprouting, in addition to biometric growth parameters and analysis of root architecture using WinRhizo Pro® software. From the root tissue, 88 bacterial strains were isolated, forming 18 clusters using morphological characters. Representatives of these groups were evaluated for phylogenetic identification by sequencing the 16S in addition to physiological characteristics of growth promotion. The results of sprouting speed index and number of sprouts show that thermotherapy affects all species studied, with the exception of the species IJ76-358, IJ76-364, US72-1319, which presented neutral sensitivity. The inoculation positively affected these variables the species IJ76-315, IJ76-414, Biscuit, Branca and IM76-228 when in the absence of TT and Bamboo Rose in the presence of TT. Among the analyzed sequences, two groups belonging to the phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were identified and distributed in 16 genera. The results suggest that the selected bacteria have biotechnological potential to promote plant growth

11
  • PETER SOARES MEDEIROS
  • Endophytic dark septate fungi and plants: dormant pathogens or pathogens, continuous endophytic and biotechnological application in agriculture

  • Advisor : JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
  • IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • MARGARIDA GORETE FERREIRA DO CARMO
  • RAFAEL SANCHES PACHECO
  • ORIVALDO JOSE SAGGIN JUNIOR
  • GILMARA MARIA DUARTE PEREIRA
  • Data: Jun 10, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • Endophytic dark septate fungi and plants: dormant pathogens or pathogens, continuous endophytic and biotechnological application in agriculture

12
  • MATEUS MARQUES BUENO
  • Production of seedlings of forest species from the Atlantic Forest, using automatic irrigation management, substrate with biosolids and shading levels
  • Advisor : DANIEL FONSECA DE CARVALHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • DANIEL FONSECA DE CARVALHO
  • MARINALDO FERREIRA PINTO
  • NIVALDO SCHULTZ
  • ALEXANDER SILVA DE RESENDE
  • CARLOS RODRIGUES PEREIRA
  • Data: Jul 31, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • The increase in demand for native tree species seedlings makes it important to optimize the production factors that affect quality parameters, such as water supplementation and luminosity levels. The lack of information on the tree species water requirement promotes waste of water in the of seedlings production in nurseries. Water use efficiency, growth indicators and quality parameters were evaluated in six native species of the Atlantic Forest, by conducting experiments from September 2018 to December 2019. Two groups of experiments were carried out: (i) in the greenhouse, in the seedling production phase, when four levels of water replacement were applied by dripping to seedlings of Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake, Cytharexylum myrianthum Cham. and Ceiba speciosa Ravenna, and posteriorly, with uniform water replacement; and (ii) on outdoor benches, when seedlings of the Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex Benth., Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) JFMacbr and Hymenaea courbaril L. species were produced in four shading levels, simulating commercial nursery conditions. In all experiments, in the seedling phase, automated irrigation management was used, with instant storage of the number of actuations and the volume of water applied. The biosolid, from the treatment and stabilization of the sewage sludge, was used as a substrate in the seedling phase (280 cm-3 tubes) and sandy soil material in the initial growth phase (pots 18 dm-3). In general, the seedlings of the first group of experiments showed development above the standards applied for planting in the field before 80 days after emergence (DAE), for treatments with greater water replacement of seedlings. For treatments with less water replacement, the seedling recovery was fast and the growth was satisfactory, after 30 days after planting in pots. In the seedling phase, S. parahyba, C. myrianthum and C. speciosa received, respectively, 2.40, 1.08 and 0.85 L per plant, for treatment with replacement of 100% of the water requirement (V4); in the initial growth phase (230 DAE), the total water volumes were, respectively, 70.0, 50.3 and 52.7 L per plant. The tree species in the first experiment group showed low sensitivity to growth in response to water deficit, and distinct water efficiencies between the seedling and initial growth phases, with the highest height (80.7 and 17.0 cm L-1 ) and diameter values (2.1 and 0.5 mm L-1) in the two phases for C. speciosa. For the second group of experiments, the total volumes of water applied were 70.0; 50.3 and 52.7 L per plant, respectively, for D. nigra, A. leiocarpa and H. courbaril, presenting better results in the shading levels of, respectively, 37 and 58%; 37% and in full sun. Higher water productivity of irrigation (PAi) for the D. nigra and A. leiocarpa species are associated with the seedlings of the treatments that showed better growth and quality performance. It can be concluded that the application of water in response to the water needs of seedlings of tree species, via automated irrigation management, and the identification of the ideal shading rate guarantee the production of quality seedlings with low water volume.

13
  • JULIANA SILVA DE SOUZA
  • Factors conditioning the decision making in the land use and management of family farmers in the Zé Pureza settlement, RJ.
  • Advisor : LUCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • LUCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS
  • EVERALDO ZONTA
  • CLAUDIA JOB SCHMITT
  • JOÃO ROBERTO CORREIA
  • ALBA LEONOR DA SILVA MARTINS
  • Data: Aug 27, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • The objective of this case study was to discriminate the main factors that influence the choices of land use and soil management, shaping the decision making of family farmers in the Zé Pureza-RJ agrarian reform settlement project. In order to achieve this objective, there were evaluated the main parameters that shaped the rationality of land use and land management choices of family farmers, and the physical and social space in which they are inserted was characterized. Initially, interviews were conducted based on scripts with socioeconomic items and another with types of exploration and land management adopted, in addition to characterization of production units. Based on the answers from interviews with 20 families in Zé Pureza settlement, a structured questionnaire on land use and management was elaborated. This questionnaire was applied through interviews with each family, and the objective answers supported the multivariate analysis. For the refinement of maps of the use and environmental characterization of the settlements, obtained by satellite images, field surveys were carried out, concomitant to the interviews. Based on the history of land use and management, representative areas of main types of usage were selected for assessment of soil quality using some atrributes (pH, Ca+Mg, K, P, Al, Al+H, N, C, Total Organic Carbon - TOC, Particulate Organic Carbon – POC, mineral-associated Organic Carbon - MinOC and Light Organic Matter- MOL). As a result, it was found that the creation of the Zé Pureza settlement caused an abrupt change in the land coverage, from an area with homogeneous pasture to a mosaic of usages, including crops and pasture. The choices of land use and agricultural practices adopted by farmers, which configure this mosaic, do not portray their knowledge and perceptions, but their resource limitations. The low use of fertilizers, agrochemicals, the time and place of harrowing, the division of pastures, the absence of production registers, are not configured as choices, but due to the condition imposed on them. Even, sometimes, conflicting with the perception / knowledge that these farmers have of the environment and their own practices. The current configuration of the choices of farmers in the Zé Pureza settlement is shaped by structural issues. Low schooling, lack of technical assistance and limited financial resources foster a cycle that leads to less and less favorable conditions for assertive choices. A proposal to change the farmers' way of production will have greater adherence if it results in greater financial stability and reduction in need of family workforce. The application of methods of Multiple Correspondence Analysis, followed by hierarchical Cluster, corroborated a pattern captured by the descriptive statistics of the data from the questionnaires. The absence of very distinct clusters and the low variance captured by the models indicate that structural factors are conditioning farmers' choices and perceptions. This suggests that structural limiting factors generate a dispersed behavior of farmers (objects), as they respond to individual opportunities. A favorable scenario for the adoption and long-term maintenance of soil conservation practices implies in reducing the vulnerability of agro-ecosystems reproduction strategies by expanding the autonomy of these agro-ecosystems.

14
  • CARLOS ALBERTO RIBEIRO DE MOURA
  • Influence of edaphic ant fauna on soil properties, biological nitrogen fixation and phytoliths, in cultivated areas on the integrated agroecological production system

  • Advisor : MARIA ELIZABETH FERNANDES CORREIA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • MARIA ELIZABETH FERNANDES CORREIA
  • LUCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS
  • EDERSON DA CONCEIÇÃO JESUS
  • FABIO SOUTO DE ALMEIDA
  • FABRICIO BEGGIATO BACCARO
  • MARIELLA CAMARDELLI UZÊDA
  • Data: Sep 25, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • MOURA, Carlos Alberto Ribeiro de. Influence of edaphic ant fauna on physical, chemical and microbiological properties of soils in a land use gradient. 2019. 000 p. Thesis (Doctor Science in Agronomy, Soil Science). Instituto de Agronomia, Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2019.
      

    This study addressed the effects of the Solenopsis invicta Buren (SI) on bioturbation and nutrient stocks in soils under agroecological management, the occurrence of biological nitrogen fixation in SI and the attraction of ant assemblyto attractive plant crops. Edaphic ants are an important group of bioturbators, and SI are widely found in agroecosystems. SI can be classified as generalist predators and are efficient at exploring disturbed environments. In Chapter I, the hypothesis that SI when building their nests and acting as biological vectors of nutrients alters nutrient levels and soil fertility parameters as C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Si, H + Al, V%, the granulometric fractions and the phytoliths assembly (Poaceae, Eudicotyledonae, Arecaceae, Cyperaceae) was verified. In Chapter II, the hypothesis that this SI in association with nitrogen-fixing bacteria would be able to perform biological nitrogen fixation was assessed. And in Chapter III, the ability to use attractive plants (PAs) to attract the myrmecofauna was tested. There was an increase in the concentration of C, P, K, in V% and coarse sand and a reduction in total acidity and in total clay in the nests. The phytolith assembly changed in three of the four groups analyzed and the silicon content PASi (Si available for plants), ASi (amorphous silica) and AIF (acid insoluble fraction) showed a strong increase in relation to the control soil, with ASi presenting mean difference of 243.23 g.kg of soil. All samples submitted to acetylene reduction analysis showed ethylene production and the average fixation was 4.3 nmol of fixed N. g (wet weight).h-1 (n = 44). The bacteria associated with SI were identified through metagenomics. The genera that comprise species with known FBN capacity make up an average of 26.24% of the genera present in the samples and the regression model was significant for the genera Bradyrhizobium (p = 0.0025; R² = 0.5464) and Sphingomonas (p = 0.00434; R² = 0.506). The activity data obtained in the PAS experiment submitted to multivariate analysis of PERMANOVA did not detect any difference between treatments but detected between sampling events which translates as an effect of the time that has elapsed since the last plowing. These silicon data can have an impact on soil carbon studies, especially its inorganic component, on the understanding of silicon dynamics and serve as a basis for studies with solubilizing bacteria by pointing out nests as possible centers of activity for these bacteria. It is assumed that FBN in SI is an important holophenotype for the success of SI as an invading holobiont and skilled in exploring disturbed areas. This is the first study indicating the occurrence of FBN in ant workers and reveals a source not yet quantified in agroecosystems and natural ecosystems. As there was no effect of the treatments, it is recommended that a vegetation cover is maintained, even if spontaneous, and that these refuges are not submitted to plowing, thus maintaining the diversity of the myrmecofaunaand the services that itcan provide.

15
  • RENAN PINTO BRAGA
  • Functional characterization of the OsDof26 transcription factor through genetic knockout and analysis of the metabolic profile in rice

  • Advisor : MANLIO SILVESTRE FERNANDES
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ANDRE MARQUES DOS SANTOS
  • ANDRES CALDERIN GARCIA
  • LUIZ MORS CABRAL
  • MANLIO SILVESTRE FERNANDES
  • RAFAELA ELOI DE ALMEIDA ALVES
  • Data: Oct 30, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • Nitrogen and Carbon metabolism are key parts in improving food production, which needs to increase to maintain the diet of the growing human population.
    Transcription factors are regulatory proteins of gene expression and can be key elements in the control of intricated metabolic pathways. DNA Binding with One Finger (Dof) Transcription Factors are unique to green plants and are directly related to metabolic events unique to the plant kingdom. This study aimed to verify the probable function of the OsDof26 Transcription Factor through gene knockout using CRISPR-Cas9 technology and its possible influence on nitrogen and carbon metabolism. The results obtained show that the absence of this Transcription Factor harmed the rice plant, reducing its production of biomass and grains. There was also the accumulation of carbohydrates necessary for primary carbon metabolism and nitrogen assimilation in roots.

16
  • CAMILA ALMEIDA DOS SANTOS
  • Nitrogen Balance and N2O Emissions from Exclusive Pasture of Braquiária Marandú or Mixed with Desmódio.

  • Advisor : BRUNO JOSÉ RODRIGUES ALVES
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • CLÁUDIA DE PAULA REZENDE
  • DANIEL RUME CASAGRANDE
  • ABMAEL DA SILVA CARDOSO
  • BRUNO JOSÉ RODRIGUES ALVES
  • ERIKA FLAVIA MACHADO PINHEIRO
  • Data: Nov 27, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • Sustainable pasture management models constantly seek ways of animal production with lessenvironmental impact. The introduction of forage legumes in pasture systems may represent an alternative to the use of nitrogen fertilizers. Seeking to understand the nitrogen balance and N2O emissions from exclusive pasture of Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu or mixed with Desmodium heterocarpon legumes, four hypotheses were raised: the first is that with the introduction of the legume Desmódio in pastures of Marandú braquiária it is possible to achieve similar or higher productivity in relation to the pasture of B. brizantha cv Marandu in a monoculture fertil ized with 150 kg N ha-1 year-1 and that an adequate management allows the legume to persist in the system; the second hypothesis is that the fraction of N excreted by cattle that is converted into N2O does not change in pastures fertilized with urea and pastures mixed with Desmódi0, as well as mandatory CH4 in dung; the third is that the bases of N2O are greater in pastures with legumes compared to pastures of Marandu, but that the addition of nitrogen fertilizer modifies this condition, making it larger as supplied with N2O from the fertilized system; and the fourth hypothesis is that the entry of N via BNF or nitrogen fertilization meets the demand for N from pastures, and has the potential to compensate for losses of N.The study was carried out on the Animal Husbandry Experimental Station of the Extreme South of Bahia (ESSUL), belonging to the Cocoa Research Organisation (CEPLAC) located in the municipality of Itabela, Bahia. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with 3 treatments, B. brizantha fertilized with 150 kg N ha-1 year-1, B. brizantha mixed with Desmodium heterocarpon and pasture of B. brizantha without adding N. Each plot was composed of 5 paddocks, and the grazing system used was rotated with 7 days of occupation and 28 days of rest. The results obtained allowed to conclude that the mixed pasture of Desmodium heterocarpon with Capim-Marandu promoted production of forage and beef cattle
    similar to the pasture of Capim-Marandu + 150 kg N ha-1 year-1 and that the adopted management allowed the persistence of legume in the system, with potential for use in tropical pastures. The system mixed grass/legume resulted in a change in the N excretion pathway, with greater excretion in the dung. The N2O EF and the fraction of NH3 lost through urine is similar in mixed grass/legume and fertilized pasture, and the N2O FE for dung is lower in mixed pasture. The entry of N via nitrogen fertilization or by the legume used in the mixed increases background N2O, being greater by the addition of nitrogen fertilizer in relation to the introduction of the legume. Urea fertilization results in N losses due to ammonia volatilization and N2O emission in magnitudes lower than what can be estimated with the respective default loss factors in the IPCC guide. Both the nitrogen fertilization of 150 kg N ha-1 in the form of urea and the entry of N via FBN through the consortium with D. heterocarpon allow to compensate for N outflows in pasture cattle production systems. On the other hand, the addition of nitrogen fertilizers provides greater emissions of greenhouse gases compared to the mixed strategy with legumes.

17
  • KERLY MARTÍNEZ ANDRADE
  • Plant growth-promoting yeasts

  • Advisor : JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • JOSÉ ROBERTO DE ASSIS RIBEIRO
  • MÁRCIA MARIA ROSA MAGRI
  • ANDRES CALDERIN GARCIA
  • JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
  • NORMA GOUVÊA RUMJANEK
  • Data: Dec 3, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • Yeasts are single-celled fungi that can be found naturally in the rhizosphere and in the phyllosphere of plants. Some species are able to participate in different important biotechnological processes, such as : biological control of fungi for their ability to produce killer toxins, production of siderophores and other effects used as promoters of plant growth. This work aimed to evaluate the action of promoting the growth of plants by yeast. Results of natural environments and yeast collections. Roots of rice and beans were isolated from 14 yeast lines, as they were evaluated with in vitro germination tests, experiments in a greenhouse and field. Users with growth promotion behavior were affected by the classic taxonomy and by the sequencing of the transcribed internal spacer region (ITS) and the D1 / D2 domains of the large subunit of the rRNA gene. Mechanisms of action to promote growth, production of killer toxins, volatile compounds, indolacetic acid (AIA), presence of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase enzyme, solubilization of phosphates, zinc, aluminum and siderophores, were tested. The evaluation of antagonism and pathogens in solid culture media. The results obtained in the selection of growth-promoting yeasts indicated three species of yeasts with good results (Torulaspora indica, Candida intermedia and Spatasfora suhi), provide greater root growth in 23% and 18% in the aerial part and 25% in the total biomass at the end This comparison is relevant, considering that the additional development in the root system helps to improve the conditions of absorption of nutrients and other plant compounds for the development of the growth cycle. achieved positive results for any test of production of volatile compounds and ACC and aluminum solubilization, and all yeasts isolated from plant roots were able to produce killer activity, AIA and solubilize phosphates and zinc oxide or that contribute to the promotion of plant growth.

18
  • MARIANA FERREIRA RABELO FERNANDES
  • Prospecting for Microorganisms to Control Fungi in Soybean Seeds
  • Advisor : JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • JERRI ÉDSON ZILLI
  • EVERALDO ZONTA
  • CARLOS ALBERTO TUÃO GAVA
  • EDERSON DA CONCEIÇÃO JESUS
  • RAFAEL SANCHES PACHECO
  • Data: Dec 15, 2020


  • Show Abstract
  • The increase in costs of chemical control for pests and pathogens, the loss of efficiency of some of these products over time and the environmental problems resulting from these practices indicate the need to search for alternatives for the control of phytopathogens. Some groups of organisms have been known to inhibit the development of microorganisms potentially pathogenic to agricultural crops. The selection of antagonistic microorganisms as well as the knowledge of their mechanisms of action constitutes the fundamental basis of any biological control program of plant diseases and is essential in the development of rational models for the introduction of biocontroladores in agroecosystems. For most isolates described in the recent literature, it is known that the antagonistic effect can be explained based on the intense production of specific cellular secondary metabolites. The success of commercial production is based on the knowledge of the viability of these products according to their metabolism. In view of the above, this work aims to present and discuss the metabolic and genetics of microorganisms potentially antagonistic to pests and parasites that attack agricultural crops, and from the description of these mechanisms identify molecules derived from bacterial metabolism for commercial formulations for biological control.

2019
Dissertations
1
  • CARLOS WAGNER RODRIGUES DO NASCIMENTO
  • Iron Bars as a subsidy to the use of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) with monostatic antennas for soil imaging

  • Advisor : MARCOS BACIS CEDDIA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • GUSTAVO DE MATTOS VASQUES
  • WENCESLAU GERALDES TEIXEIRA
  • Data: Feb 14, 2019


  • Show Abstract
  • NASCIMENTO, Carlos Wagner Rodrigues do. Iron Bars as a subsidy to the use of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) with monostatic antennas for soil imaging. 2019. 107f. Dissertation (Master of Science in Agronomy, Soil Science), Agronomy Institute, Soil Department, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil, 2019.

    The Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a geophysical tool for the study of soils. However, the reliability of the interpretation of its results depends on the correlation between the geophysical data and the data collected in the field. In the study of the thickness of horizons / layers of soils, or even the thickness of the soil as a whole, a methodology that can collect the speed of the magnetic pulse in the soil to model the depth on radargrams is necessary. However, although there are methods that allow depth modeling, such as the Commom Midpoint (CMP), which is a method that presents better reliability among the methodologies, there is no absolute guarantee of identifying the correct depth of the target due to several factors, such as the presence of noise. In addition, the CMP technique is restricted to GPR models with bi-static antennas. Thus, this work aimed to investigate in which physical, chemical and morphological conditions the use of iron bars can help in the identification of the depth of soil horizons using GPR. This study was developed at Fazendinha Agroecológica Km 47 (Sistema Integrado de Produção Agroecológica - SIPA) that is part of  Embrapa Agrobiologia, Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária of Rio de Janeiro state (Pesagro-Rio) and of the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. For this, iron bars were inserted in the transitions of the horizons in ten soil profiles (four Planossolos Háplicos, one Gleissolo Háplico, three Argissolos Vermelhos, one Argissolo Amarelo and one Cambissolo Háplico) exposed in trenches and investigated with a GPR with two monostatic shielded antennas (450 and 750 MHz), with further processing of the radargrams. As results, the 450 MHz antenna produced radargrams sharper than those of the 750 MHz antenna, and the hyperboles generated by the iron bars in the radargram were more visible in sandy soils, especially those ones that have transitions between sandy to clay horizons. In addition, iron bars could be identified in clayey soils under specific conditions. The calculated magnetic pulse velocity had more constant values along the vertical section of the radargrams generated by the 450 MHz antenna in sandy soils than in clayey soils, possibly because the hyperboles were more visible in sandy soils. It is concluded that the iron bars are efficient for the immediate distinction of the transitions between horizons with a clear difference in physical properties, as is the case of the transition from sandy horizons to clayey ones.
2
  • PEDRO ARMENTANO MUDADO XAVIER
  • Data mining. Pedometrcs. Legacy data. Soil survey. Landsat 8

  • Advisor : LUCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • LUCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS
  • MARCOS BACIS CEDDIA
  • CESAR DA SILVA CHAGAS
  • Data: Feb 15, 2019


  • Show Abstract
  • Soils are a natural resource of great relevance, mainly due to their importance in the production of food, the support of biomes and in the storage of water, assuring the replacement of springs and water sources, as well as other environmental services. Thus, the knowledge about the soil properties and their distribution in the landscape is important for their management and for the territorial planning. The principal way to obtain information about the soils and its distribution is through soil surveys. The main hypothesis of the study is that from the techniques of digital mapping by using reference areas it is possible to predict the spatial distribution of soil units. Also, through the selection of predictor variables and the evaluation of quantitative predictive methods, the soil survey can be improved, reducing the subjective character of the interpretation, besides giving a quantitative character to the final product. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of tree-based predictive methods, Random Forest and Decision Tree, for the extrapolation of soil mapping unities in the municipalities of Nova Alvorada do Sul and Rio Brilhante, from 46 profiles described in Sidrolândia and Campo Grande, both located in Mato Grosso do Sul state. The approach through tree-based models enabled a quantitative evaluation of the factors involved in pedogenesis, which contributed to a better understanding of each factor and its direct contribution to soil formation. The use of the reference area proved to be adequate for the process of learning the morphometric patterns, as well as for the extrapolation of the mapping units to the entire area. Both predictive models tested proved to be quite efficient in the extrapolation of the mapping units, and the Random Forest model presented the best predictive performance, in all statistical indices evaluated, in relation to the Decision Tree model. The models based on trees can contribute to the knowledge about the soil formation factors and to qualify their contribution in the pedogenesis, as well as in the understanding of the pedoambientes and distribution of the classes of soil in the landscape; also, to support the mapping of similar areas not yet surveyed.

3
  • DOUGLATH ALVES CORRÊA FERNANDES
  • PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE IPÊ BRANCO (Tabebuia roseoalba) COM DIFERENTES SUBSTRATOS E CASCALHO DE PERFURAÇÃO DE POÇOS DE PETRÓLEO SUBMETIDAS A ESTRESSE HÍDRICO.

  • Advisor : EVERALDO ZONTA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • EVERALDO ZONTA
  • PAULO SERGIO DOS SANTOS LELES
  • ALAN HENRIQUE MARQUES DE ABREU
  • Data: Feb 27, 2019


  • Show Abstract
  • In order to obtain success and good results in the establishment of forest plantations and reforestation, it is of paramount importance, among other factors, the choice of substrate, since it exerts a direct effect on the quality of the seedlings and consequently greater survival in the field. In planting one of the problems that causes high mortality of seedlings implanted is the lack of water (dry), being interesting to adapt the use of technologies and concepts already known in order to reduce the incidence of mortality of seedlings in the initial phase of adaptation. The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of Tabebuia roseoalba seedlings, developed in a substrate containing drilling gravel from oil wells (gravel) and organic matter sources, submitted to water stress. The work was done in a greenhouse of the Department of soils of UFRRJ. The seedlings were produced by indirect sowing in washed sand in the forest nursery of CEDAE - Alegria Station. 30 days after emergence, the seedlings were transplanted to the plastic pots with a capacity of 1.7 liters. The substrate was prepared from the soil mixture (PLANOSSOLO Háplico, with medium texture), the equivalent of 20 t ha-1 of gravel, and doses of biosolids (sewage sludge) and vermicompost. The experimental design was a randomized complete block (DBC), consisting of 6 treatments: 100% soil (Soil), 100% soil + gravel (SC), 25% vermicompost / 75% soil + gravel (25VC), 50% of vermicompost / 50% soil + gravel (50VC), 25% biosolid / 75% soil + gravel (25BS) and 50% biosolid / 50% soil + gravel (50BS) with 3 replicates. The experiment was carried out in 3 phases with 3 collections, in the first phase all seedlings were irrigated daily maintaining the humidity near 70% CC during 110 days, in the second phase half of the seedlings were submitted to water stress by the suspension of irrigation and another In the third phase, all seedlings were irrigated daily, keeping humidity at 70% CC for 25 days to rehydrate the seedlings. The plants were collected and evaluated for growth in height (H), gain in diameter (D), leaf number (NF), leaf area (AF), shoot dry mass (MSPA), stem dry mass (H), (H / DC), shoot dry mass / mass (H / MSPA), dry mass of the aerial part / mass root dry matter (MSPA / MSR) and the Dickson quality index (IQD). The comparison of means was performed by the T test at 5% significance and all procedures were performed in R software. What the drill gravel at the dose used promoted the increase of Na +, pH and EC contents of soil and substrates, impairing the development of Tabebuia roseoalba seedlings. However, biosolids proved to be a good substrate component in the production of white Ipê (Tabebuia roseoalba) seedlings. The treatment with 25% biosolids 75% soil + gravel promoted a satisfactory development of white Ipê seedlings, presenting the best result in the majority of the evaluated parameters.

4
  • ERINALDO GOMES PEREIRA
  • Obtaining of rice mutants for the gene OsAAP1 using the CRISPR- Cas 9 system for the identification of functions associated to nitrogen use efficiency (NUE)

  • Advisor : MANLIO SILVESTRE FERNANDES
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • MANLIO SILVESTRE FERNANDES
  • SILVIA APARECIDA MARTIM
  • ALTAMIRO SOUZA DE LIMA FERRAZ JUNIOR
  • Data: Feb 27, 2019


  • Show Abstract
  • PEREIRA, Erinaldo Gomes. Obtaining of rice mutants for the gene OsAAP1 using the CRISPR- Cas 9 system for the identification of functions associated to nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). 2019. 49p. Dissertation (Master Science in Agronomy, Soil Science). Instituto de Agronomia, Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2019.

    The integration of acquired knowledge on the processes of N-inorganic regulation, transport and metabolism, with the study of N-organic, using modern tools such as the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) system, is one of the paths for optimization production processes and can contribute to the development of more sustainable agriculture. The main objectives of this work were to verify the role of the transporter of amino acids OsAAP1 (Amino acid Permease 1) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the initial development of the plants, its influence on inorganic and organic N transporters, possible alterations in the expression of genes that encode key enzymes for carbon metabolism, as well as the performance of this transporter in grain production and in the use of nitrogen (NUE). For this, the OsAAP1 gene was knockout in plants of the Piauí variety using the CRISPR-Cas9 system and two lines were selected for the study (L3 and L5). Experiments 1, for metabolic characterization and study of the expression of genes involved in N-inorganic transport and in carbon metabolism, were conducted in the experimental chamber of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), in nutrient solution of Hoagland and Arnon (1950), with 2 mM and 0.2 mM of N-nitric (KNO3-) as the only source of N for 40 days. Experiment 2, for metabolic characterization, study of the expression of genes involved in N-organic transport and carbon metabolism, determination of production parameters and efficiency in the use of N, was conducted in the greenhouse of the Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition of Plants (LNMP) in pots containing soil from a horizon A of a planosol collected at the UFRRJ campus. A basal fertilization, at 30 days after germination, was performed, equivalent to 60 kg / ha of N-nitric (KNO3-). At the end of the study it was possible to verify that the AAP1 transporter is involved in the internal flow of N in rice plants, and the loss of function of this transporter negatively interferes in the processes of absorption and assimilation of inorganic N, causing a regulation in the expression of genes that code for nitrate transporters, amino acids and carbon cycle enzymes, and lead to a decrease in grain yield and EUN.
    PEREIRA, Erinaldo Gomes. Obtaining of rice mutants for the gene OsAAP1 using the CRISPR- Cas 9 system for the identification of functions associated to nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). 2019. 49p. Dissertation (Master Science in Agronomy, Soil Science). Instituto de Agronomia, Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2019.


    The integration of acquired knowledge on the processes of N-inorganic regulation, transport and metabolism, with the study of N-organic, using modern tools such as the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) system, is one of the paths for optimization production processes and can contribute to the development of more sustainable agriculture. The main objectives of this work were to verify the role of the transporter of amino acids OsAAP1 (Amino acid Permease 1) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the initial development of the plants, its influence on inorganic and organic N transporters, possible alterations in the expression of genes that encode key enzymes for carbon metabolism, as well as the performance of this transporter in grain production and in the use of nitrogen (NUE). For this, the OsAAP1 gene was knockout in plants of the Piauí variety using the CRISPR-Cas9 system and two lines were selected for the study (L3 and L5). Experiments 1, for metabolic characterization and study of the expression of genes involved in N-inorganic transport and in carbon metabolism, were conducted in the experimental chamber of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), in nutrient solution of Hoagland and Arnon (1950), with 2 mM and 0.2 mM of N-nitric (KNO3-) as the only source of N for 40 days. Experiment 2, for metabolic characterization, study of the expression of genes involved in N-organic transport and carbon metabolism, determination of production parameters and efficiency in the use of N, was conducted in the greenhouse of the Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition of Plants (LNMP) in pots containing soil from a horizon A of a planosol collected at the UFRRJ campus. A basal fertilization, at 30 days after germination, was performed, equivalent to 60 kg / ha of N-nitric (KNO3-). At the end of the study it was possible to verify that the AAP1 transporter is involved in the internal flow of N in rice plants, and the loss of function of this transporter negatively interferes in the processes of absorption and assimilation of inorganic N, causing a regulation in the expression of genes that code for nitrate transporters, amino acids and carbon cycle enzymes, and lead to a decrease in grain yield and EUN.

     

5
  • CAMILA COSTA DE OLIVEIRA
  • Occurrence of antimicrobials resistance genes in soils of agricultural production and legal reserve areas in Nova Friburgo, RJ

  • Advisor : IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • SHANA DE MATTOS DE OLIVEIRA COELHO
  • LUC FELICIANUS MARIE ROUWS
  • Data: Aug 16, 2019


  • Show Abstract
  • Antimicrobial resistance has emerged globally as one of the greatest threats to public health, mainly due to the widespread use of antimicrobial in humans and animal production. The use of animal waste as an organic fertilizer can increase the determinants of antimicrobial resistance in soils and increase its dissemination to commensal bacteria and humans and animal pathogens. Strategies to manage these residues, such as composting, are important tools to ensure the safety of their use as organic fertilizer. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes in soils of agricultural crops treated with fresh poultry manure and legal reserve areas near these production areas in Nova Friburgo, RJ, in order to clarify the role of these environments as a reservoir and source of dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. It was also evaluated the effect of the composting process of poultry manure on the prevalence of resistance genes. After the total DNA extraction of the soil samples, the detection of the resistance genes to β-lactamics, colistin and sulfonamides (ampC, mcr-1, sul1 and sul2, respectively) was performed using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), followed by a correlation analysis of the presence of the genes in relation to the physical-chemical attributes of soils. The relative abundance of the mcr-1 gene was determined by the qPCR (Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction) technique. The presence of resistance genes was also evaluated at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of poultry manure composting. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the proportions of genes sul1 and sul2 in the areas of agricultural production and legal reserve, being predominant in the agricultural areas. The mcr-1 gene was detected in all soil samples. The log of relative abundance of the mcr-1 gene ranged from-1.76 (1.81 x 10-² copies of mcr-1/16S rDNA) to -3.12 (7.67 x 10-4 copies of mcr-1/16S rDNA). The blaampC gene was not detected after 30 days of composting. Otherwise, the genes sul1, sul2 and mcr-1 were detected up to 120 days of composting. The use of animal manure provides benefits to the soil, besides being an alternative to the discharge of this residue in the environment, since animal production is an expressive activity of the Brazilian agribusiness. However, it can increase bacteria and resistance genes and promote its dissemination to commensal and pathogenic bacteria of humans and animals. These results reinforce the importance of studies that aimed at elucidating the pathways for the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes in agricultural production areas, as well as the factors that interfere in the persistence and dissemination of these genes in the environment, in order to subsidize the implementation of management practices that reduce the risk of spreading resistance, which is a potential threat to public health.

6
  • RAFAEL GOMES DA MOTA GONÇALVES
  • Transference of heavy metals from soil to vegetable crops in the Jacó microbasin, Petrópolis-RJ

  • Advisor : NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ERICA SOUTO ABREU LIMA
  • FABIANA SOARES DOS SANTOS
  • NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • Data: Aug 29, 2019


  • Show Abstract
  • Petropolis is one of the largest producers city of leafy vegetables in the mountain region of Rio de Janeiro. The mainly produced vegetable is kale (Brassica oleracea var. Acephala). This work aimed to evaluate the contamination of soils by heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Mn, Zn, and Cu) in a kale production area; identify the factors which most contributed to the soil enrichment by these elements and the transfer to kale plants; and access plant quality based on the maximum limits allowed by ANVISA. The study was carried out in 24 kale production areas, located in Jacó, in the municipality of Petrópolis-RJ (22 ° 25'41.64 "S 43 ° 02'54.49" O). In each property, samples of soil amendments were randomly collected. Soil and plant samples were collected, following the proportion of one sample per 1000 individuals, totaling 146 samples. Soil samples were digested according to methodology 3050B (USEPA, 1996). Plant and soil amendments samples were digested by 3050 method (USEPA, 2008). The extracts were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, and the quality of soil and plant’s analysis were compared to certified samples. The data obtained was used to calculate the pollution indices (IP) for heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr, Zn, Mn, and Cu) using the reference values for the Mountain Region of Rio de Janeiro. Soil enrichment was verified for Zn, Pb, Cd, and Ni elements. Mineral and organic fertilizers were identified as the primary sources of heavy metals inputs, being the “poultry litter” the major contributor of this input. In general, the contents in the soil (total and bioavailable), the concentration in the leaves and the total accumulated in kale plants were inversely related to the relief, but directly related to the assimilable P, exchangeable K, and organic carbon contents. These relationships suggest the influence of the relief, soil management, soluble phosphate, potassium fertilizers, and poultry litter on the heavy metals accumulation in soil and kale plants. From the plants analyzed, 91.7% presented Pb contamination, with values up to 9.2 times above the limit allowed by ANVISA. Also, 97.2% of the plants presented Cd contamination, with values up to 3.8 times higher than acceptable.

7
  • RAFAEL SALAZAR SANTOS
  • Inoculation of diazotrophic bacteria in Braquiária genotypes (Brachiaria spp)

  • Advisor : SEGUNDO SACRAMENTO URQUIAGA CABALLERO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • SEGUNDO SACRAMENTO URQUIAGA CABALLERO
  • EDUARDO LIMA
  • ISABEL DAS NEVES OITICICA DE CARVALHO
  • Data: Aug 30, 2019


  • Show Abstract
  • Currently, genotypes of several species of the genus Urochloa (syn. Brachiaria) are the most cultivated in tropical pasture areas in the world, which opens a huge research opportunity to explore the potential of genotypes of this species in the association with diazotrophic bacteria aiming the development of biological inputs that effectively contribute to the sustainability of pastures. Therefore, the present work aims to quantify the productivity of genotypes of Brachiaria spp. submitted to inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria. The experiment was developed in an ARGISSOLO in the municipality of Seropédica, RJ. Six genotypes (B140, Paiaguás, Piatã, Marandu, Ipyporã, Basilisk) were tested: (i) inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense strains AbV5 + AbV6, (ii) inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense strain Sp245, (iii) control without inoculation and (iv) a reference treatment with ammonium sulphate at a dose of 100 kg N ha 1 year 1, applied in two doses of 50 kg N ha 1, one every 6 months. The inoculation with A. brasilense occurred via seed in the implantation of the experiment and via foliar spraying done 15 days after each cut. Five cuts were made during the 1-year experiment. In general, it was observed that N-fertilizer treatment provided significant increases in productivity in some cultivars such as Basilisk 55.8%, Paiaguás 39.5%, Piatã 85.6% and Marandu 41.4%. Regarding seed inoculated treatments, the cultivars Piatã and B140 showed in the first harvest significant response in the inoculation procedure of A. brasilense AbV5 + AbV6 with increase of 177% and 21.6%, respectively, in relation to the control. In the collections where leaf inoculations were performed, no response to inoculation was observed in the parameters of dry mass production, air derived nitrogen and biological nitrogen fixation

     

     

8
  • TADEU AUGUSTO VAN TOL DE CASTRO
  • Structure-Property-Bioacitivity Relationship of Different Humic Acids and their Effects in Rice Plants (Oryza sativa L)

  • Advisor : RICARDO LUIZ LOURO BERBARA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • EDNALDO DA SILVA ARAÚJO
  • LEANDRO AZEVEDO SANTOS
  • RICARDO LUIZ LOURO BERBARA
  • Data: Sep 2, 2019


  • Show Abstract
  • The following dissertation aimed to study three humic acids (HA) extracted from different source materials, one of vermicompost (HAVC), one of organosol (HASOIL) and one of Rio Negro sediments - AM (HARN), evaluating their structures, properties and functions in the metabolism and development of rice plants under normal growing conditions and under water stress. Chapter I presents the results concerning the physicochemical characterization (solid state nuclear magnetic resonance - 13C NMR CP / MAS and dynamic light scattering - DLS) of the three types of humic acids. HASOIL presented more aromatic characteristics than HARN and HAVC, thus conferring greater hydrophobicity. HAVC had the highest polarity index and lowest hydrophobicity. HASOIL and HARN showed the largest particle populations at pH 7.0 between 0 and 500 nm in hydrodynamic diameter, in relation to humic acid from vermicompost. However, the average particle diameter at pH = 7 shows that HAVC had larger particles compared to the others. The objective of Chapter II was to evaluate and discuss the effects of the three HA, previously characterized, on the morphology, growth and metabolism of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants of the BRS Emerald variety, as well as establish a relationship between their structures and physical-chemical properties with the bioactivity they exert. An increase in photosynthetic performance was observed in plants treated with HA extracted from different materials after an initial decrease in order to accelerate metabolic activities aiming at acclimatization and plant protection. In general, all humic acids stimulated the metabolism and development of plants, but in a different way, being the activity exerted dependent on their structural characteristics and properties. There were different modifications in the structures present in the roots by the effect of humic acids, associated with the development of the plant cell wall. The HAVC was considered the best bioactivity, as it was responsible for the most intense increase in the production of fresh and dry biomass in the roots, sheaths and leaves of the plants, besides presenting greater stimuli in the emission of roots and increase in root volume. The levels of soluble metabolites also indicate that the plants treated with this HA were the most efficient in using nitrogen for its development. Chapter III shows the results obtained by the application of vermicompost humic acid in rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants of the BRS Emerald variety subjected to water deficiency. HAVC preserved the photosynthetic performance index in plants under water stress, being the response mechanisms for HA application faster than those for stress response. HA was also responsible for stimulating the quantity, length, area, volume and diameter of roots of plants cultivated under water stress conditions, besides the plants treated with HA + PEG presented higher fresh biomass than those treated with PEG alone. Soluble metabolite contents and dry mass of different plant organs show that HA contributed to the osmotic balance of plants subjected to stress.

Thesis
1
  • JOÃO ANTÔNIO MONTIBELLER FURTADO E SILVA
  • Organic Matter, heavy metals and phosphorous evolution in a clayey soil amended with pig slurry

  • Advisor : NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • EVERALDO ZONTA
  • ERICA SOUTO ABREU LIMA
  • ARCANGELO LOSS
  • ADEMIR FONTANA
  • Data: Jan 24, 2019


  • Show Abstract
  • The pig slurry applied to the soil reduce costs with fertilizers and water pollution risks. The pig farming is concentrated in producing regions, where the pig slurry is the main residue generated, and its application on soil play a role in soil organic matter characteristics and in heavy metals and phosphorus dynamics. Recently, has been reported the role of pig slurry characteristics in soil heavy metals mobility and bioavailability by the formation of stables soluble complexes. However, many questions still are unanswered. Thus, the present thesis aims to evaluate the alterations in soil humic substances structure induced by pig slurry systematic application over time. As well as understanding the mechanism of organic structures incorporation to soil humic substances, and its interactions mechanisms with heavy metals and phosphorus. To reach these goals, a Typic Hapludox subjected to systematic applications of pig slurry doses (0, 50, 100 m³ ha-1 application-1), over six years (2009 – 2015), and cultivated with corn (Zea mays), simulating silage, on the summer time, and black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) and Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) consortium, as cover crop, on winter time. Soil samples were collected by the years 2011, 2014 and 2015, of wich organic matter was chemically fractionated in fulvic acids, humic acids and humin. These fractions were quantified and characterized by their spectroscopic characteristics (CP MAS 13C-RMN, FTIR e UV-vis), elementary composition (C, H, N, O e S) atomic relations (C/N, H/C, O/C), heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb e Ni) and phosphorus levels. Were also evaluated the heavy metals pseudototal levels in six soil layers (0-2,5; 2,5-5; 5-10; 10-20; 20-40, e 40-80 cm), and bioavailable heavy metals and phosphorus (P- total, P-Melich e P-remaining) levels in superficial soil layer ( 0-20 cm). The heavy metals and phosphorus accumulation in plants tissues were quantified. And other materials as the ration given to the pigs generators of the slurry and the pig slurry used in the experiment itself was samples and analyzed for their heavy metals levels. All evaluated heavy metals were found in the ration and the slurry, evidencing the origin of these elements in the system. The pig slurry has shown mainly aliphatic and functionalized organic structures, with high capacity of formation of soluble complexes with heavy metals. When these aliphatic structures are added to the soil, they are initially incorporated to the fulvic acids, than subsequently evolve to humic acids. These structures presented relation with heavy metals and phosphorus mobility and bioavailability in soil by different mechanisms. Over application time, the soil humic substances, mainly the fulvic acids, acquires pig slurry structural characteristics, such as low aromaticity and functional oxygenated group abundance. There was an increase in the incorporation of heavy metals to the humic substances as long as were incorporated more aliphatic organic structures to fulvic and humic acids. However, the phosphorus presented a different dynamics, was not incorporated to fulvic and humic acids, even with the increase of its total levels. This element was kept in labile forms, mainly due to the reduction of soil fixation.

2
  • ELIAS MENDES COSTA
  • Soil characterization and evaluation of environments vulnerability in Itatiaia National Park, Brazil

  • Advisor : LUCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ALESSANDRO SAMUEL ROSA
  • CESAR DA SILVA CHAGAS
  • ELPIDIO INACIO FERNANDES FILHO
  • LUCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS
  • MARCOS BACIS CEDDIA
  • Data: Feb 19, 2019


  • Show Abstract
  • Knowledge of soils and their properties is essential for environmental planning in natural systems especially in a conservation unit such as the Itatiaia National Park (INP). The INP, despite the importance of ecology and preservation, does not have information on its soils in detail that can support research and management plan. Aiming to understand the process involving the genesis and soils distribution in the mountainous environment of the INP and factors that involve the environmental vulnerability in this region the present study was developed. The objectives were to develop a database in a GIS environment with information on soils (classes and attributes), vegetation, relief, geology and geomorphology and to produce information on environmental and covariates to support interdisciplinary research actions, environmental education programs and plan of park management. To further evaluate environmental vulnerability by integrating information from the physical environment with expert knowledge to reconcile public use demand with ecosystem conservation. In order to do so, sampling, collection, description, characterization, classification and mapping of soils was prepared and a database was prepared with all the environmental variables of data ownership, robust methods of digital soil mapping were tested in order to optimize the performance of the algorithms for the prediction of soil attributes and uncertainty evaluation. Finally, data from the literature review, participatory approach and specialized knowledge and biophysical variables produced in the previous steps were incorporated into a Bayesian belief network (BBN) to predict environmental vulnerability as well as to produce associated uncertainty. The results produced were sufficient to fill the gap in the lack of information on soils in the INP and to understand the factors related to the landscape soil relationship of the INP and are useful for several purposes. Generalized Algorithms (GAM) with covariates selection based on the scorpan model are efficient in predicting attributes of the same using a limited number of points. And despite the complexity of the study area, the BBN was able to produce a significant result of the spatial distribution of environmental vulnerability and proved to be an alternative approach less subjective than conventional methods of assessing environmental vulnerability.

3
  • LUCERO SARABIA SALGADO
  • Nitrogen dynamics and soil emissions of N2O and CH4 in a star grass pure pasture and in a silvipastoral system with leucaena for dairy production

  • Advisor : BRUNO JOSÉ RODRIGUES ALVES
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • BRUNO JOSÉ RODRIGUES ALVES
  • ADELSON PAULO DE ARAUJO
  • SEGUNDO SACRAMENTO URQUIAGA CABALLERO
  • CLÁUDIA POZZI JANTALIA
  • FRANCISCO JAVIER SOLORIO SANCHEZ
  • Data: Feb 21, 2019


  • Show Abstract
  • In the southeast region of Mexico conventional livestock is the most common monoculture system, where the main species are native grasses or African grasses, with the biomass production being limited by rainfall seasonality and low soil fertility. In animal production systems, pasture degradation is associated with soil N depletion, requiring nutrient replacement. For the establishment of more productive pastures in these areas, silvopastoral systems (SPS) have been recommended, especially with the use of tree legumes, but are still little studied about their impact on the nitrogen cycle. Thus, the objective of this work was to quantify N fluxes in the soil-plant-animal system as a means of comparing the sustainability of an SPS with leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) in a stargrass (Cynodon nlemfuensis) pasture with a pure pasture of star grass (SM). The average milk yield for two seasons was similar in both systems, with 7.1 and 6.3 kg UA-1 (1 UA = 450 kg live weight) day-1 for SM and SPS, respectively. The mean N intake by the animals in the two seasons was 171.9 and 215.7 g N UA-1 day-1 for SM and SPS, respectively, highlighting the importance of the legume in the supply of protein to the animals. The N deposited in the animal excreta was 138.1 and 184.9 g N UA-1 day-1 for SM and SPS, respectively, being higher in dung than in urine. N2O fluxes were higher in SM, with peaks of 1623.9 and 755.9 ug N-N2O m-2 h-1 for SM and SPS, respectively, originating from the urine treatment. The highest direct emission factors (FE) of N2O were observed in the rainy season, when denitrification was favored, being 0.05 and 0.01% for dung, and 0.52 and 0.17% for urine, in SM and SPS, respectively. In the dry season, FE was lower. It is concluded that the presence of legume in SPS allows to maintain the milk production observed in SM, fertilized with N, but with a lower intensity of N2O emission, contributing to the sustainability in livestock production.

4
  • JULIO CESAR RIBEIRO
  • Nutrients and heavy metals in soil and leafy vegetables grown in the municipality of Nova Friburgo-RJ.

  • Advisor : EVERALDO ZONTA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • EVERALDO ZONTA
  • NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • ERICA SOUTO ABREU LIMA
  • NIVALDO SCHULTZ
  • DANIEL VIDAL PÉREZ
  • FABIANA SOARES DOS SANTOS
  • Data: Feb 25, 2019


  • Show Abstract
  • RIBEIRO, Júlio César. Nutrients and heavy metals in soil and leafy vegetables grown in the municipality of Nova Friburgo-RJ. 135f. Thesis (Doctor in Agronomy, Soils Science). Institute of Agronomy, Department of Soils, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2019.

     

    The mountain region of Rio de Janeiro is characterized by the great production of vegetables, being the main producing region of the state. However, poor management practices and high utilization of organic and mineral fertilizers have increased the risk of soil contamination and consequently of plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate fertility and contamination by heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr, Co and Zn) in soils cultivated with lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and parsley (Petrosolium sativum) in the Municipality of Nova Friburgo-RJ, identifying which factors contributed most to the enrichment of these elements in the soil and their transfers to the plants, as well as their quality based on the limits acceptable by ANVISA. The study was carried out in 32 family farms, 18 lettuce producers and 14 parsley producers, under which samples of soil and plants were collected. The soil was collected at two depths (0-20 and 20-40 cm), being digested according to the 3050B method (USEPA, 1996). The collected plants were separated into leaves and roots, being digested according to the method 3050 (USEPA, 2008). The heavy metals in the digested extracts were quantified by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, and the quality of the soil and plant analyzes evaluated with NIST SRM 2709a and 1573a certified samples, respectively. In the soils cultivated with lettuce, the contents of Co, Zn and Cu are associated with the characteristics of the source material. However, the Pb, Cd and Ni contents are associated to a greater anthropogenic contribution, being Pb via organic fertilization and for Cd and Ni, via mineral fertilization. On average, the contamination index of the study area was classified as low contamination of the soil by metals, except for Cr, which indicated impoverishment and, Cd and Cu, which presented severe contamination. In general, areas with higher organic matter content and acidity (lower pH, higher H+Al and higher Al+3) showed higher bioavailability of metals and consequently higher absorption and extraction per hectare by lettuce plants. In these areas, 52,58% of the lettuce plants were contaminated with Pb. In Cu, Ni, Co, Pb and Zn, the soils are related to the geochemical character of the source material, as well as the presence of Zn is also associated with anthropogenic sources by means of mineral fertilization, and Pb is the mineral and organic fertilization. The pollution index for Cd and Cr is related to the anthropogenic source through mineral fertilization. On average, the contamination index of the study area presented impoverishment for Cr, low contamination for Ni, Pb, Zn and Co, and severely contaminated for Cd and Cu. In general, there was a higher bioavailability of metals in areas with higher organic matter content and acidity (lower pH, higher H+Al and higher Al+3) of the soil, with the plants having a higher absorption and extraction of metals. In these areas, 78,33% and 40% of the parsley plants presented contamination by Pb and Cd, respectively.

5
  • LIVIA BISCHOF PIAN
  • Influence of Fertilization on Soil Biological and Chemical Attributes and on the Agroeconomic Performance of Vegetables in Organic Systems

  • Advisor : RICARDO LUIZ LOURO BERBARA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • RICARDO LUIZ LOURO BERBARA
  • ERIKA FLAVIA MACHADO PINHEIRO
  • SEGUNDO SACRAMENTO URQUIAGA CABALLERO
  • LUIS HENRIQUE DE BARROS SOARES
  • IRENE MARIA CARDOSO
  • Data: Feb 25, 2019


  • Show Abstract
  • SUMMARY:
    With the development of agroecology and the demand for production of organic foods, issues that concern the intensification of production systems while maintaining economic, social, environmental and nutritional sustainability are still open, especially in tropical regions. The demand for organic fertilizers that serve organic agriculture is emerging. Plant fertilizers are valid alternatives, however there are doubts as to its efficiency in intensive agroecosystems and demanding crops such as vegetables. The general objective was to evaluate the contribution of fertilization of vegetal origin in the agroeconomic performance of vegetables in organic production system and effect on the biological and chemical attributes of the soil, in the Baixada Fluminense conditions. In chapter 1, the sustainability of a long - term, diversified organic agroecosystem of vegetables based on plant fertilization was evaluated through the characterization of soil biological and chemical attributes, nutrient balance and agroeconomic viability. The evaluated nutrients were: total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), pH, organic matter content, total organic carbon COT) and free light fraction (FLL), the dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, by glomalin and spore density, and flat circular paper chromatography. The nutrient balance was positive for all nutrients in the vegetable production area, thanks to the plant biomass used, and was negative for N, K, Ca and Mg in the area of vegetal biomass production. The levels of pH and P remained stable, whereas K, Ca, COT, FLL and total glomalina presented decrease over the years. The agroecosystem was financially viable in the simulations of sale to the organic and institutional market (Fairs and PNAE), without feasibility for the conventional market (CEASA / RJ). In chapter 2, fermented compounds obtained from raw materials of plant origin were characterized by chemical composition, fermentation pathways and the microbial community, and nitrogen availability and agronomic efficiency were measured in the cultivation of hardwood vegetables in succession. The analogous fermented compound (CFAP) consists of a mixture of wheat bran and castor bean meal. The plant substitute of wheat bran was coffee husk, brewer's residue and elephant grass, and the substitute of castor bean meal was the gliricid meal. The pH had correlation with lactic acid, ethanol and butyric acid, was around 5.2 in the CFAP and increased drastically with the complete replacement by coffee bark or elephant grass and f. castor plant The f. gliricidia maintained the pH stable and decreased the levels of N. The bacterial community highlighted the difference between the compounds with f. castor beans and f. the latter with greater richness and diversity, the CFAP had lower diversity. The Lactobacillars order was predominant in all compounds. The N availability of CFAP was approximately 50%, as were the compounds with f. castor bean and brewery residue. Under field conditions, compounds with f. gliricidia resulted in lower productivities of arugula than with f. castor plant The compound with coffee husk and f. castor bean was the equivalent of CFAP.

6
  • EDEVALDO DE CASTRO MONTEIRO
  • Adjustment Methodology for Quantification of Nitrogen Biological Fixation in Sugarcane by the 15N Natural Abundance Technique

  • Advisor : SEGUNDO SACRAMENTO URQUIAGA CABALLERO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • CLÁUDIA POZZI JANTALIA
  • MARCIO DOS REIS MARTINS
  • NIVALDO SCHULTZ
  • SEGUNDO SACRAMENTO URQUIAGA CABALLERO
  • VERONICA MASSENA REIS
  • Data: Feb 27, 2019


  • Show Abstract
  • One of the factors responsible for the low levels of sugarcane productivity in Brazil is the inadequate supply of N. In this context, studies about BNF in this crop have scientific relevance. The objectives of the current  research were: (i) to evaluate the interactive effect of  Nitrogen fertilization and diazotrophic  bacteria in the  accumulation of N and the yield  in two commercial varieties, (ii) to evaluate non-fixing plants and the strategy of sampling in different parts of sugarcane plants to estimate BNF using the 15N natural abundance technique

    In sugarcane plant inoculated or not with diazotrophic bacteria; (iii) to determine the 15N enrichment in different parts of sugarcane plant to estimate the efficiency of N use (EUN) because of inoculant application. The experiment was carried out in field conditions with sugarcane from pre-sprouted seedlings sugarcane in pots containing 100 kg of derived from 0 -40 cm layer of an Ultisol soil. In the first part of this work, the interactive effect of inoculation (with and without) and nitrogen fertilization (0 and 45 kg N ha‑1, ammonium sulphate with 2% excess of 15N atoms) in the accumulation of N and in the yield of two sugarcane varieties (RB867515 e RB92579) harvested at 90, 180, 270 and 360 days after transplanting (DAT). In the second part of this work, the  δ15 values were determined in roots, leaves, straw and in three stalk fractions (bottom, medium and upper) in the last sugarcane harvesting (360 DAT) in pots without Nitrogen fertilization. In the third and last part of this work the excess % of 15N atoms was determined in the same sugarcane parts and harvesting, although only in the pots fertilized with Nitrogen. Sporadically, the addition of N-fertilizer inhibited, or even caused, an antagonistic effect of inoculation on some growth variables (stalk diameter, leaf dry matter, straw dry matter, N content and accumulation in leaf), but with no significant effect on stalk yield. The BNF contributes, on average, 53% of the N accumulated in the variety RB92579 and 49% in the variety RB867515. There was no significant variation in the 15N natural abundance of available N in the soil (7.8 δ15N ‰) estimated by different non-fixing plants. On the other hand, there was a significant variation in the values of δ 15N in different parts of sugarcane plant, indicating that the sampling strategy for BNF quantification by 15N natural abundance technique should consider the whole plant. However, when there was enrichment of the plant with 15N from the fertilizer to study the EUN, no significant variation in the values of excess 15N atoms in the different parts of the plants was observed. This indicates that, in fertilizer 15N recovery studies, only specific parts of the plant can be sampled, representing a significant reduction in the time and cost of sampling and analysis. The EUN was 60% for both varieties, without inoculation influence. Studies with other varieties and in different soil and climate conditions should be done to define scenarios with greater possibility of diazotrophic bacteria inoculation in sugarcane

7
  • MARCELA JACQUES DE LEMOS NEVES
  • Phenotypic and metabolic characterization of mutant rice strains silencing H + ATP isoforms responsive to nitrogen supply 2019

  • Advisor : LEANDRO AZEVEDO SANTOS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • DIEGO DE MELLO CONDE DE BRITO
  • FABIOLA DE SAMPAIO RODRIGUES GRAZINOLI GARRIDO
  • LEANDRO AZEVEDO SANTOS
  • LUIZ MORS CABRAL
  • MARCIO DOS REIS MARTINS
  • Data: Feb 28, 2019


  • Show Abstract
  • JACQUES, Marcela de Lemos Neves. Phenotypic and metabolic characterization of mutant rice strains silencing H + ATP isoforms responsive to nitrogen supply 2019. 60p. Thesis (Doctor Science in Agronomy - Soil Science). Instituto de Agronomia, Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ. 2019.

     

    In rice, there are ten H + - ATPase isoforms, and the most expressed isoforms are the OsA2 and OsA7 isoforms, in addition to being induced through the supply of NO 3 - . At PM H + ATPases , besides having great importance in the absorption of nutrients, also plays a fundamental role in several biological processes in plants. Studies with silicon isoforms of PM H + - ATPase in rice at different doses of nitrogen were detrimental to vegetative growth and grain yield. Therefore, one of the objectives of this work was to evaluate the effect of silencing on phenotypic characteristics, grain yield and protein content in the grain of the rice strains under different nitrate (NO 3 - ) availability conditions . The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse until the end of the rice crop cycle, using untransformed plant (WT), plant with the silenced osa2 isoform and plants with silica isoform osa7, which were submitted to treatment with NO 3 - and without NO 3 - resupply . The height of the plants, number of tillers, production of full grains and pips, harvest index, number of panicles were evaluated. According to the results, it can be assumed that the silencing of the isoforms affected the vegetative development of the osa7 and osa2 mutant plants , indicating that PM H + - ATPase activity may have affected some cellular process, resulting in reduced plant growth , besides exerting influence in the filling of the grains. Among the stresses that plants undergo in the environment saline stress considerably influences the growth and productivity of large crops. Several studies have demonstrated that treatments with the presence of salt in the plants, caused the activity of the proton pump of the plasma membrane. In a study related to the addition of NaCl , they observed an increase in transcription levels of the OsA2 isoform. It was also observed that the OsA7 isoform may be related to salinity tolerance. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of salinity on rice plants with silica osa2 and osa7 isoforms, on nitrogen absorption and plant utilization.According to the results it can be affirmed that in the transformed lines there was a reduction of the growth of these plants , as well as accumulation of NO 3 - mainly in the roots, in relation to the N-amino results there is an accumulation in the leaf . According to the results, it is shown that PM H + - ATPases isoforms have great importance in saline stress, since the silencing of OSA2 and OSA7 isoforms affected the development and efficiency of NO 3 - and stomatal conductance . 

8
  • DANIELE RODRIGUES BARBOSA
  • As Alterações no solo provocadas pela produção intensiva de hortaliças na microbacia hidrográfica de Barracão dos Mendes – Nova Friburgo, RJ.

  • Advisor : NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • ANDRES CALDERIN GARCIA
  • ERICA SOUTO ABREU LIMA
  • LUIZ FERNANDO DUARTE DE MORAES
  • FABIANA SOARES DOS SANTOS
  • Data: Feb 28, 2019


  • Show Abstract
  • Este trabalho foi realizado na microbacia hidrográfica de Barracão dos Mendes, em Nova Friburgo (RJ), em 20 pontos amostrais, para observação de alterações nos parâmetros químicos e biológicos do solo, sendo 10 em área com plantio de oleráceas (P) com aplicação de fertilizantes e herbicida e 10 em áreas com mata de reserva legal (M). As amostras foram coletadas em forma de amostras compostas contendo aproximadamente 30 subamostras. Em áreas com declividade e altitude diversificada dentro da microbacia. As coletas foram realizadas em julho do ano de 2016 e foram avaliadas alterações nas propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo em cada área. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar alterações edáficas em função do manejo agrícola de oleráceas, na microbacia hidrográfica de Barracão dos Mentes, em Nova Friburgo (RJ). Os resultados mostram que os teores de metais (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb ae Zn ) foram maiores nas áreas com plantio de oleráceas comparadas às áreas com mata. Para o herbicida oxifluorfeno, nas áreas que foi relatada a aplicação, o analito foi detectado, excetuando-se a área com relato de 2 anos sem aplicação e outra sem aplicação situada em área de menor altitude que relatou deriva. Para a diversidade de populações bactérianas no solo, foi observada a divisão em dois grandes grupos em dendograma com 45% similaridade por uso do solo. A variação dos atributos do solo, devido ao manejo, nas propriedades com cultivo de olerícolas refletiu na diversidade microbiana, detecção de herbicida oxifluorfeno e teores de metais potencialmente tóxicos no solo. Baseada na avaliação das observações por médias ponderadas e análise de componentes principais dos resultados citados, conclui-se que uso do solo, assim como o fator do relevo (declividade) alteram as condições do solo avaliadas.

9
  • ALEXANDRE DOS SANTOS MEDEIROS
  • Influence of land usage on distribution of soil organic matter and carbon stock, Itatiaia National Park – RJ

  • Advisor : LUCIA HELENA CUNHA DOS ANJOS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • EVERALDO ZONTA
  • MARCELO DA COSTA SOUZA
  • ALEXANDER SILVA DE RESENDE
  • FABIANO DE CARVALHO BALIEIRO
  • Data: Sep 24, 2019


  • Show Abstract
  • In Brazil, the conversion of natural areas to agricultural areas corresponds to 75% of CO2 emissions. Currently, the Amazon and Cerrado Biomes have the highest conversion rate because they are the current Brazilian agricultural frontier. However, little is known about the impacts and resilience of ecosystems belonging to the Atlantic Forest Biome, which was profoundly altered during the first productive cycles of the country. To clarify such issues, areas were selected in the Itatiaia National Park (PNI), in the State of Rio de Janeiro, as the PNI shelters, besides numerous preserved ecosystems, secondary forest fragments in different stages of ecological succession, as well as unmanaged pasture areas, a landscape commonly observed in the Middle Valley region of Paraíba do Sul. Given this scenario of profound degradation, reduction of environmental services and ignorance of ecological processes, studies are urgently needed to enable such understanding, allowing interventions capable of reestablishing the environmental services of these communities, especially the sequestration and storage of C. Therefore, soil samples were collected from different successional stages of forest and in unmanaged pasture, being determined the natural fertility, the chemical and particle size fractionation of the organic matter (MOS), stock and origin of C. In addition to the edaphic variables, samples of pasture and different phytomass were also collected. forest compartments, being used non-destructive methods to quantify the phytomass and the stock of C in the tree forest layer. In order to obtain ecological data regarding the structure of forest communities, permanent plots were installed at different successional stages, and a floristic study and structural characterization of the communities were carried out. As a general result we found that: local soils have low natural fertility; MOS has greater stability as advanced successional stages; carbon stocks in early-stage soils and phytomass are lower than advanced stages; pastures have higher values of C stock in the soil, but predominates C from forest origin from the depth of 10 cm; forest structure and diversity are similar to those generally observed in the biome; The use of multivariate statistical techniques allowed the construction of discriminant functions capable of qualitatively classifying similar communities according to carbon stock capacity. These results allowed us to conclude that: secondary forests are more efficient in carbon storage than pastures, indicating the importance of preservation and recovery of these formations in the Paraíba do Sul Middle Valley, and discriminating functions are important tools for classification of priority areas.

2018
Dissertations
1
  • LUANA SOUSA COSTA
  • Simultaneus growth of Paraburkholderia tropica (strain BR 11366) and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus (BR 11281) for the production of a bacterial inoculant.

  • Advisor : VERONICA MASSENA REIS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • VERONICA MASSENA REIS
  • IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • NIVALDO SCHULTZ
  • LEDA MARIA FORTES GOTTSCHALK
  • MARCIA SOARES VIDAL
  • Data: Aug 7, 2018


  • Show Abstract
  • A mixed inoculant was proposed for sugarcane in 2008 based on long-term studies of inoculation and performance of diazotrophic bacteria. However, this product is not available to producers due to some technical factors, such as insufficient development of bioprocesses for the industrial multiplication of microorganisms. The efficiency and productivity of the bioprocesses are important components to enable the production of the inoculant on an industrial scale. Because of this, the production strategy goes beyond the process of choosing the appropriate microorganisms. Parameters associated with growth were tested to establish the maximum biomass production of cells by simultaneous cultivation of two strains comprising the mixed inoculant, Paraburkholderia tropica (BR 11366T strain) and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus (BR 11281T), for the production of commercial inoculants. The strains have quite distinct growth under the conditions tested. The maximum biomass production in simultaneous culture (quantified by real-time PCR) was observed in a bench-fed bioreactor, aerated at 4 L min-1 and temperature at 32 ° C, reaching 8.73 · 108 CFU mL -1 and 5.05 · 1010 UFC mL -1 for BR 11281 and BR 11366 respectively. In this way, cells with these two strains can be obtained by simultaneous culturing.

2
  • LUANA SOUSA COSTA
  • Simultaneus growth of Paraburkholderia tropica and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus for the production of a bacterial inoculant.

  • Advisor : VERONICA MASSENA REIS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • VERONICA MASSENA REIS
  • IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • LEDA MARIA FORTES GOTTSCHALK
  • Data: Aug 7, 2018


  • Show Abstract
  • A mixed inoculant was proposed for sugarcane in 2008 based on long-term studies of inoculation and performance of diazotrophic bacteria. However, this product is not available to producers due to some technical factors, such as insufficient development of bioprocesses for the industrial multiplication of microorganisms. The efficiency and productivity of the bioprocesses are important components to enable the production of the inoculant on an industrial scale. Because of this, the production strategy goes beyond the process of choosing the appropriate microorganisms. Parameters associated with growth were tested to establish the maximum biomass production of cells by simultaneous cultivation of two strains comprising the mixed inoculant, Paraburkholderia tropica (BR 11366T strain) and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus (BR 11281T), for the production of commercial inoculants. The strains have quite distinct growth under the conditions tested. The maximum biomass production in simultaneous culture (quantified by real-time PCR) was observed in a bench-fed bioreactor, aerated at 4 L min-1 and temperature at 32 ° C, reaching 8.73 · 108 CFU mL -1 and 5.05 · 1010 UFC mL -1 for BR 11281 and BR 11366 respectively. In this way, cells with these two strains can be obtained by simultaneous culturing.

3
  • LUANA SOUSA COSTA
  • Simultaneus growth of Paraburkholderia tropica and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus for the production of a bacterial inoculant.

  • Advisor : VERONICA MASSENA REIS
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • IRENE DA SILVA COELHO
  • LEDA MARIA FORTES GOTTSCHALK
  • VERONICA MASSENA REIS
  • Data: Aug 7, 2018


  • Show Abstract
  • A mixed inoculant was proposed for sugarcane in 2008 based on long-term studies of inoculation and performance of diazotrophic bacteria. However, this product is not available to producers due to some technical factors, such as insufficient development of bioprocesses for the industrial multiplication of microorganisms. The efficiency and productivity of the bioprocesses are important components to enable the production of the inoculant on an industrial scale. Because of this, the production strategy goes beyond the process of choosing the appropriate microorganisms. Parameters associated with growth were tested to establish the maximum biomass production of cells by simultaneous cultivation of two strains comprising the mixed inoculant, Paraburkholderia tropica (BR 11366T strain) and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus (BR 11281T), for the production of commercial inoculants. The strains have quite distinct growth under the conditions tested. The maximum biomass production in simultaneous culture (quantified by real-time PCR) was observed in a bench-fed bioreactor, aerated at 4 L min-1 and temperature at 32 ° C, reaching 8.73 · 108 CFU mL -1 and 5.05 · 1010 UFC mL -1 for BR 11281 and BR 11366 respectively. In this way, cells with these two strains can be obtained by simultaneous culturing.

4
  • RICARDO DE CASTRO DIAS
  • Evaluation of granular fertilizers based on potassium chloride and humic acids on the vegetative development of corn (Zea mays L.).

  • Advisor : EVERALDO ZONTA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • EVERALDO ZONTA
  • JOSÉ MANOEL FEBLES GONZALES
  • NELSON MOURA BRASIL DO AMARAL SOBRINHO
  • PAULO CÉSAR TEIXEIRA
  • Data: Aug 24, 2018


  • Show Abstract
  • DIAS, Ricardo de Castro. Evaluation of granular fertilizers based on potassium chloride and humic acids on the vegetative development of corn (Zea mays L.).2018. 66p. Dissertation (Master Science in Agronomy, Soil Science). Instituto de Agronomia, Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2014.

     

    Potassium chloride (KCl) is the most used potassic fertilizer in Brazilian agriculture, however, it provides great losses of potassium in the soil through leaching. Moreover, the application of high doses of this fertilizer in the maize crop can be harmful, mainly in the initial phase of development, due to the high salt content of this fertilizer. Humic acids (HA) have high CEC and have the potential to decrease potassium losses by leaching and to minimize the damage caused by potassium chloride to maize, especially in the early stages of development. The aim of the present work is to evaluate the effect of the application of increasing doses of potassium chloride calculated on the basis of the surface area of the experimental units and the volume of soil, as well as the effect of the application in the development of the crop of corn until the end of the vegetative phase, aiming to establish a criterion for the calculation of doses of fertilizers used in greenhouse. The purpose of Chapter II is to evaluate the effect of potassic fertilizers based on potassium chloride granules with humic acids and to evaluate their effect on corn development and nutrition, as well as soil fertility parameters, as compared to the chloride of potassium. For that, two greenhouse experiments were conducted, in the experimental area of the Departamento de Solos of UFRRJ, using corn hybrid AG1051 as indicator plant. In Chapter I, doses higher than 120 kg.ha-1 of K2O, as well as the total application of the dose at planting time, delayed the emergence of maize seedlings. The calculation of the dose considering the volume of soil provided higher ICF, greater accumulation of K and lower pH variation in depth. The increase of the dose of potassium chloride promoted a linear increase in the dry mass and in the accumulation of K of stem and shoot of corn plants. When the dose was parceled out, there was a higher accumulation of P and K in the leaves and a lower potassium content in the soil on the surface. In chapter II, the increase in HA concentration in the fertilizers promoted a quadratic increase in seedling emergence, a linear increase in N accumulation by the crop and a quadratic reduction of the exchangeable Ca content in the 30-40 cm depth layer. The application of granulated KCl with HA isolated from vermicompost provided greater accumulation of P in relation to the commercial KCl, greater accumulation of K as compared to HA isolated from Peat and higher values of exchangeable Mg and exchangeable base sum in the layer from 0 to 10 in comparison with other fertilizers. The application of granulated KCl with HA isolated from vermicompost entailed the greater accumulations of dry mass and P in the roots compared to granulated fertilizer with AH isolated from vermicompost. The application of commercial KCl promoted a higher index of chlorophyll b compared to the fertilizer isolated with HA isolated from vermicompost, as well as promoted higher values of exchangeable Ca in the 30-40 cm layer in relation to the other fertilizers.

5
  • MARCELA LOPES LÁZARO
  • Prediction of Soil C, N and P by Vis-NIR Spectroscopy
  • Advisor : ERIKA FLAVIA MACHADO PINHEIRO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • MARCOS BACIS CEDDIA
  • FABRÍCIO DA SILVA TERRA
  • GUSTAVO DE MATTOS VASQUES
  • Data: Aug 30, 2018


  • Show Abstract
  • Vis-infrared (Vis-NIR) reflectance spectroscopy has been used as a method to predict soil attributes, whether
     chemical, physical, biological or mineralogical, with fast, non-destructive results when compared to conventional 
    methods routine analysis. This work was carried out in a Planosol Haplic in the Integrated System of Agroecological
     Production (SIPA) in Seropédica - RJ, in an experimental module of intensive organic production of vegetables for
     prediction of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus reflectance spectroscopy. A total of 294 soil samples were
     collected at 20 cm depth for chemical characterization of C, N and P and spectral readout on the Field Spec 4 
    spectroradiometer. The spectra for each of the soil samples were generated and quantitatively analyzed by 
    regression analysis. (PLS) and validated for two sets of data. In parallel, five preprocesses were tested to prepare
     the spectra for the purpose of improving predictions. For the validation of the models, the values obtained
     for C prediction were: R² between 0.69 and 0.75; RMSE and RPIQ ranging from 0.12 to 0.14 and 2.21 to 2.59, 
    respectively. For N, the R² values obtained ranged from 0.62 to 0.77; the RMSE maintained the same
     approximate values at 0.015 and the RPIQ ranged from 2.32 and 3.03. For P, values obtained ranged from
     0.47 to 0.57; 33.40 to 38.47 and 2.06 to 2.54 for R², RMSE and RPIQ, respectively. The results suggest that
     Vis-NIR reflectance spectroscopy is a promising technique for predicting soil carbon and nitrogen. The models
     adjusted with the gross reflectance data and pre-processed by smoothing presented better predictions of these
     attributes. On the other hand, soil phosphorus did not present prediction models with good fit, for none of the
     pre-processing tested.
6
  • CARLOS ROBERTO PINHEIRO JUNIOR
  • Genesis and Characterization of the Soil of Carbonate Nature of the Italva Group

  • Advisor : MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • MARCOS GERVASIO PEREIRA
  • ADEMIR FONTANA
  • ANTONIO CARLOS DE AZEVEDO
  • Data: Sep 3, 2018


  • Show Abstract
  • The carbonaceous rocks occur in approximately 10% of the terrestrial surface, occupying great part of the agricultural areas. Despite this wide scope, there are few pedological studies in these areas. The northwest region of Rio de Janeiro is part of the Italva Group, characterized by the occurrence of calcissilictic rocks and marbles, a material that is associated with drier climates and is responsible for the observation of soil attributes characteristic of these areas, such as high levels of calcium and magnesium, presence of carbonates, high activity clays. In this sense, the objective of the work was to characterize the morphological, physical, chemical, mineralogical attributes of the soils of a carbonate nature of the Italva Group and to interpret the performance of the main factors and processes in the pedogenesis. For the study, a toposequence was selected in the municipality of Italva, RJ, where 6 profiles were described and collected. The material of origin, climate and relief were the main factors responsible for the soil genesis influencing in several attributes such as high values of saturation by bases with predominance of Ca and Mg, high pH, presence of carbonates, high Ki ratio, low Fe2O3 contents , in addition to controlling the water flow, drainage condition and cations accumulation. The absence of effervescence and the high MgO/CaO ratio suggest the dolomitic nature of the carbonates. Despite the high carbonate content, these groups were not detected in the mineralogical analysis, based on the literature it is suggested the presence of amorphous calcium carbonate and protodolomite, both of which were not detected by X-ray diffraction. The main minerals found in the sand fraction were quartz, feldspar, mica and pyroxene, in addition to sepiolite possibly precipitated on protodolomite grains, while in the fraction there was presence of illite and kaolinite. The main active pedogenetic processes are melanization, calcification, eluviation/illuviation, argilopedoturbation and gleation. The profiles were classified as Chernossolo Rêndizo Lítico típico  (summit); Chernossolo Háplico Carbonático saprolítico  (shoulder); Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo Eutrófico chernossólico (backslope); Typical Carbonic Echanic Chernosol (toeslope in colluvium ramp); Typical Carboniferous Flubic Cambisol (toeslope in alluvial dike) and; Typical Carbonic Hydromorphic Vertisol. The presence of compression surfaces associated to the formation of gilgai microrelevo should be added to the classification criteria of the Vertisols, considering that they indicate the occurrence of intense argilopedoturbation.

7
  • GABRIEL BARROS PINTO
  • Production potential and contribution of biological nitrogen fixation in different genotypes of elephant grass for use as an energy source

  • Advisor : SEGUNDO SACRAMENTO URQUIAGA CABALLERO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • ADELSON PAULO DE ARAUJO
  • CLÁUDIA POZZI JANTALIA
  • NIVALDO SCHULTZ
  • SEGUNDO SACRAMENTO URQUIAGA CABALLERO
  • Data: Dec 11, 2018


  • Show Abstract
  • GENERAL ABSTRACT

    PINTO, Gabriel Barros. Production potential and contribution of biological nitrogen fixation in different genotypes of elephant grass for use as an energy source. 87p. Dissertation (Master in Agronomy, Soil Science). Instituto de Agronomia, Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2018.

     

    In the search for alternative energy sources and cost minimization in energy generation, with lower environmental impact, elephantgrass emerges as an alternative. The possibility of associating with diazotrophic bacteria to complement its nitrogen nutritional requirement has further aroused the interest of its use as an alternative source of energy in Brazil. In order to identify the potentials of this association, this study was carried out to verify the influence of this association on nitrogen nutrition and productivity of different elephantgrass genotypes and different types of soil (Chapter 1) and to evaluate the efficiency of an alternative source of potassium nutrition in the yield of an elephantgrass genotype (Chapter 2). In the first experiment, 2 different experiments were carried out in the experimental areas of Embrapa Agrobiologia located in the city of Seropédica - RJ, in which 5 genotypes were evaluated (Cameroon, Bag 02, Gramafante, Roxo and CNPGL F06-3) without N-fertilizer application, in two different soil classes (Acrisol and Planosol), in which the contribution of the N2 biological fixation (NBF) in the biomass production of elephantgrass was evaluated. The overall statistical design corresponds to subdivided plots, where in the plots are the treatments corresponding to the two classes of soil and in the subplots the treatments corresponding to the five genotypes, with four replications, totaling 40 plots. In the second experiment 10 genotypes were evaluated: CNPGL F 06-3, BAG 02, Purple, BAGCE 38, BAGCE 62, BAGCE 64, BAGCE 66, BAGCE 91, T1 and T4. The 10 genotypes were inoculated with the G. diazotrophicus strain PAL5 (BR 11281). The experiment was divided in four blocks containing 10 lines, one for each genotype, and each genotype a treatment, having 10 treatments with four replicates, totaling 40 plots. The evaluation was the same as in the previous experiment. In the second chapter the results of the evaluation of the productive potential of the Cameroon genotype are presented when applying ashes from biomass burning as an alternative source for potassium fertilization. The experimental design was randomized blocks, of three treatments in four replicates, being these: without potassium fertilization, fertilization with KCl and fertilization with ashes. In the first experiment, the Acrisol had higher productivity than the Planosol, with no statistical difference between the genotypes in the period of 1 year, with an average contribution of 57% of the N from the FBN in Argissolo and more than 75% in Planosol. Representing an economy of 83 kg ha-1 of N in each soil in the 18-month period. In the second experiment, the BAGCE 91 and King Grass genotypes showed a high productivity. The contribution of BNF in these genotypes was, on average, 30% to 25%, respectively. This contribution equals 49 and 25 kg ha-1 in the 18-month period, respectively. The use of ash as an alternative source of potassium presented positive results in grass productivity when compared to conventional fertilization.

Thesis
1
  • IARA MARIA LOPES RANGEL
  • The removal of part of the sugarcane straw for bioenergy production or second generation alcohol can generate an even more positive energy balance in the sugarcane industry

  • Advisor : EDUARDO LIMA
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • DAVID VILAS BOAS DE CAMPOS
  • EDUARDO LIMA
  • HEROLDO WEBER
  • JULIANO BAHIENSE STAFANATO
  • NIVALDO SCHULTZ
  • Data: Jun 18, 2018


  • Show Abstract
  • The removal of part of the sugarcane straw for bioenergy production or second generation alcohol can generate an even more positive energy balance in the sugarcane industry. However, the maintenance of sugarcane straw on the soil surface generally contributes to the maintenance of soil quality and stem yield. Thus, the amount that can be withdrawn from the system without causing damage to soil attributes and crop productivity over time is uncertain. Thus, the objective of this study is to propose a sustainable management of sugarcane harvest for the southern and southeastern regions of the country, more specifically, to make recommendations on how much of the straw should be left on the soil surface and how much can be withdrawn for the co-generation of energy or second-generation alcohol manufacture causing the least possible harm to soil safety. For this, two experiments were conducted in distinct regions of the country: Colorado-PR (Southern region) in Oxisol under alternating double planting spacing (0.9 x 1.5 m), and in Linhares-ES (Southeast region) under Ultisol in single spacing (1.5 m). Four levels of straw deposition (0, 25, 50 and 100%) were evaluated. Soil samples were collected in two distinct moments: right after the 1st and 2nd soca harvest. The soil samples were collected in the 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm layers for determination

    of C, N, pH, H + Al, Al, Ca, Mg, Na, K , P, densimetric physical fractionation (layers 0-5 and 5-10 cm) and stability of aggregates (layer 0-10 cm) and in the second moment in the layers of 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-30 , 30-40, 40-60, 60-80 and 80-100 cm for the same determinations of the first year plus determination of soil density and porosity. Static chambers and Pitfall traps were installed at these two times for collection of nitrous oxide and epigeonic invertebrate fauna, respectively. Plant samples were collected to determine the yield of thatch and straw. Total straw removal (0%) is detrimental to soil quality reflecting negatively on shoot yield in both producing regions. However, the impacts caused by straw levels are distinct across regions. In the southern region, the maintenance of 50% of straw (7.55 Mg ha-1 year-1) positively influences the contribution of free light fraction, C, N, soil physical attributes and stem yield. However, the maintenance of 100% straw results in higher accumulated emission of N2O from the soil and provides conditions favorable to soil compaction. For the Southeast region the best level was 100% straw (9.2 Mg ha-1 year-1 ), which presented better values of C, N, chemical, physical and biological attributes of the soil, as well as higher yield of stems. However, total straw removal (0%) was the condition that favored the largest N2O flows in the Southeast region. The results suggest that the ideal straw

    level to be maintained in the field depends on the specific growing conditions of each region, which prevents a single recommendation for the whole of Brazil. However, it is recommended to monitor the effect of different straw levels on soil quality, greenhouse gas emissions and yield of stems over time to more accurately define the minimum amount of straw that ensures a system production of sugar cane in each growing region.

2
  • WILK SAMPAIO DE ALMEIDA
  • Disaggregation Indices and Parameters of Intense Rainfall in the State of Rio de Janeiro and Effect of Simulated Rainfall on Hydric Erosion and Soil Water Infiltration

  • Advisor : DANIEL FONSECA DE CARVALHO
  • COMMITTEE MEMBERS :
  • DANIEL FONSECA DE CARVALHO
  • NIVALDO SCHULTZ
  • CONAN AYADE SALVADOR
  • GUILHERME KANGUSSU DONAGEMMA
  • ELOI PANACHUKI
  • Data: Dec 20, 2018


  • Show Abstract
  • ALMEIDA, Wilk Sampaio de. Disaggregation Indices and Parameters of Intense Rainfall in the State of Rio de Janeiro and Effect of Simulated Rainfall on Hydric Erosion and Soil Water Infiltration. 2018. 99p. Thesis (Doctor Science in Agronomy-Soil Science). Instituto de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2018.
    The lack of rainfall information is the main factor limiting the characterization of erosive potential of a given region and estimation of critical rainfall for use in the design of hydraulic works. In addition, inadequate soil management practices intensify the process of water erosion and infiltration of water into the soil. In this study, the relationships between precipitations of different durations (coefficients of disaggregation) were estimated; the parameters of intense rainfall equations for different localities of State of Rio de Janeiro; erosion was evaluated in a Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico típico (Rhodudults, according the Soil Taxonomy) under conventional tillage (two harrows and a grader) and different combinations of intensities (IP) and durations (Dur) of simulated rainfall of equal erosivity; soil water infiltration measured by sprinkler infiltrometer and concentric rings was measured; and the adjustment of the Kostiakov-Lewis, Horton and Philip models was performed to estimate the infiltration rate. In the study of extreme rains, maximum annual series of 5 min to 240 min were considered, associated to return periods of 5 to 100 years. The mean rainfall ratios vary from 0.40±0.10 to 1.04±0.02, with higher values for the Southern Fluminense mesoregion. The relationships between rains obtained for the localities of Rio de Janeiro are higher than those observed in other regions of Brazil. The intensity-duration-frequency relations have low variability between studied locations and the highest values of the parameters k, a, b and c were found, respectively, in the Metropolitana, Baixadas Litorâneas and Centro Fluminense regions. As for water erosion and infiltration studies, it was found that in the condition of upturned soil and without surface cover, sediment yield ranged from 2.17 g m-2 to 6.12 g m-2, respectively in the treatments IP 52,9 and Dur 78 min and IP 44.6 mm h-1 and Dur 106 min. In addition, runoff ranged from 17.07 mm to 30.53 mm, respectively in the IP 53.5 mm h-1 and 76.5 mm h-1 treatments. In this case, a higher stable infiltration rate (SIR) was measured with the concentric ring infiltrator in comparison to rates obtained with a spray infiltrometer. Rainfall durations and intensities changed sediment yield, but no significant difference in runoff was observed. Otherwise, for soil with corn straw on the surface, sediment yield ranged from 1.89±1.26 g m-2 to 4.02±2.66 g m-2 and runoff ranged from 16.9±8.74 mm at 32.63±10.67 mm. In this condition, rainfall durations and intensities did not significantly alter sediment yield and surface runoff. The infiltration of water measured with the concentric rings has a greater variability, with an SIR quantified in the duration 78 min is equal to the SIR obtained with the sprinkler infiltrometer, and these are greater than the rates of the durations 106 and 60 min of the concentric rings. Higher errors in estimating infiltration rates by the Kostiakov-Lewis, Horton and Philip models were found when using concentric rings to measure infiltration, however, in the condition in the presence of ground cover, model performance was similar.

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