Development, characterization, and evaluation of a new technology for managing soil nitrogen availability
controlled-release fertilizers; urea; biochar; humic acid; nitrogen efficiency.
The search for more efficient nutrient-use strategies in agriculture has driven the development of new technologies aimed at improving nutrient availability and plant uptake, as well as reducing losses within the soil-plant system. In this context, this study aimed to develop and evaluate new formulations of agronomic interest, considering various combinations of organic and mineral materials and strategies to modify their urea-nitrogen release properties. The formulations were developed using an experimental design approach and subjected to various characterization stages to assess their chemical, structural, morphological, and surface properties. Aspects related to nutrient release behavior, interactions between formulation components, and agronomic performance under experimental conditions were also evaluated. The results demonstrated that the composition of the formulations and the preparation strategies employed influenced their physicochemical properties and nutrient release behavior. The formulations exhibited characteristics distinct from those of the reference materials, indicating that combining different components can modify product properties and behavior within the soil-plant system. The findings highlight the potential of the employed approach for developing new technologies for fertilization and nutrient availability management, contributing to strategies aimed at increasing fertilizer use efficiency and reducing nutrient losses in agricultural systems.