Lenin's Clues:
Internationalization, Monopoly, and the Land Question
Keywords: imperialism; Lenin; contemporary capitalism; land issue; internationalization of capital
The transformations of contemporary capitalism raise new questions regarding the continued relevance of the Leninist theory of imperialism. Prominent among these is the challenge of understanding the extent to which the categories of monopoly, the internationalization of capital, and the land question—formulated by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin in the early 20th century—remain capable of contributing to the analysis of contemporary forms of capitalist expansion. In this context, this research aims to analyze the contributions and limitations of the Leninist theory of imperialism for understanding the relationship between monopoly, the internationalization of capital, and the land question. The investigation proceeds from the hypothesis that these categories constitute a relevant analytical framework for this debate—a hypothesis whose validity is examined through a historical-conceptual reconstruction of Lenin's theory and its dialogue with the broader Marxist debate on imperialism. This is a qualitative theoretical study, guided by the method of historical-dialectical materialism and conducted through bibliographic research. The analytical path begins by reconstructing the historical transformations of capitalism that gave rise to the classic debate on imperialism. Next, it examines the formulations of Rudolf Hilferding, Rosa Luxemburg, and Nikolai Bukharin, situating their contributions to this debate. The research then focuses on analyzing the synthesis developed by Lenin, seeking to understand how his theory articulates monopoly, the internationalization of capital, and the land question. Finally, it engages in a critical dialogue with authors such as François Chesnais, David Harvey, and Bernardo Mançano Fernandes—serving as interlocutors to discuss the scope and limitations of Leninist categories in light of contemporary capitalist transformations—without displacing the theoretical centrality of Lenin. The research aims to contribute to the debate on the relevance of the Leninist theory of imperialism by offering a critical analysis of its potential and limitations for understanding the land question in the contemporary era.