Effect of Thermoplastic Extrusion Processing on the Development of Gluten-Free Wholemeal Pita Bread Based on Mixtures of Raw and Extruded Wholemeal Rice, Millet, Chickpea and Carioca Bean Flours
Celiac Disease; Extrusion; Flatbread; Pulses; Baking
Wheat-based bread is a food widely consumed in all parts of the world, however, with the increasing incidence of gluten intolerance, celiac disease, which affects around 1% of the world's population, it is necessary to formulate gluten-free breads. Along with this need arises the technological difficulty of producing a sensorially acceptable and nutritionally adequate bread, since the presence of gluten confers important characteristics to the bread such as tenacity, elasticity, gas retention, resulting from integration, structure and texture. This work aimed to formulate a wholemeal, gluten-free pita bread based on flours pre-cooked by thermoplastic extrusion of chickpeas, parboiled brown rice, pearl corn and carioca beans, which met the nutritional characteristics, as a source of fiber. food and protein content, as well as good sensory accessibility, caters not only to the group of people with dietary restrictions. It can be concluded that processing by thermoplastic extrusion helped to improve some characteristics in the production of pita bread, such as increased water absorption through starch modification, leading to increased softness and moisture and, consequently, increased overall ease of use. bread Pita bread. Furthermore, nutritionally, the extrusion process also increased the content of micronutrients such as Calcium, Manganese, Iron, Potassium, Zinc, Copper, Phosphorus and Magnesium and nutrients such as proteins and fiber.