AMIZADE E AMOR: AFETIVIDADE E RELAÇÕES INTEPESSOAIS EM AELREDO DE RIEVAULX, NA ANGLIA NO SÉCULO XII
Aelred of Rievaulx. Affection. Love. Friendship. Affective pedagogy.
During the 12th century, Aelred of Rievaulx (1110-1167), a Cistercian abbot from northern Anglia, devoted himself to writing extensively about emotional life, focusing on the themes of amicitia (friendship) and amor (love) as pillars of an anthropology that highlighted interpersonal relationships and the sacred as fundamental to human development. What is the role of affectivity in the conception and projection of healthy interpersonal relationships for the hic et nunc construction of a community of faith (ecclesia), bound by the bonds of friendship, along with a concern for a relationality also built with a transcendent absolute? In his treatises The Mirror of Charity (MC) and Spiritual Friendship (SF), the two central works on love and friendship written in the 1140s and 1160s, respectively, Aelred explores affectivity, represented by affectus, which is defined as a spontaneous and pleasant movement of the mind (ipsius animi) towards another. Thus, Aelred undertakes a pedagogy that can be described as affective spirituality: by appealing to the Johannine maxim "God is love" and reversing it to "God is friendship," he aimed not only to demonstrate that affections can be (re)oriented but also emphasized their vital importance for human beings, the only creatures capable of finding happiness and spiritual progress with the support of others (SF, I:69, p.50; MC, III:31, p.250). The interest in human nature and the good relationships that people could establish with one another and the sacred reveals that both love and friendship, as human bonds, had a social dimension. The choice to focus on emotions as part of the theorization of interpersonal and sacred relationships is intrinsically linked to the understanding that Cistercian monasticism valued the cultivation of monastic friendships, contrary to traditional monasticism, which discouraged individual ties within the cloister, allowing at most limited and/or implicit companionship. Cistercian spirituality, which Aelred promoted, constituted the social milieu that enabled him to instrumentalize communal life and, through personal examples and biblical stories, teach that an affective life under the signs of friendship and love could constitute suitable realities for learning and self- expression.