Electrochemical Sensors Based on 3D Printing: Performance Evaluation of Different Varieties of Biochar as a Conductive Reinforcement in PLA (Polylactic Acid) Matrices for Electrode Production.
Electrochemical sensors. Biochar. 3D printing. Polymer composites. Sustainability. PLA.
Electrochemical sensors have assumed a central role in different areas of knowledge due to their fast and reliable responses, as well as their relatively low cost and simplicity of operation. Their use in clinical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and industrial applications highlights the potential of these devices as accessible and far-reaching tools. Currently, the search for alternatives that reconcile analytical performance and sustainability has directed efforts towards the use of renewable raw materials in electrode manufacturing. Polylactic acid (PLA) has become established as a polymer of interest in additive manufacturing due to its renewable origin and good processability; however, being an insulator, it requires the incorporation of conductive reinforcements. Among the materials highlighted is biochar, obtained by the pyrolysis of biomass, whose characteristics, such as high specific surface area, porosity, and the presence of graphitic regions, favor electroanalytical detection. The combination of PLA and biochar allows the development of sustainable conductive composites for the production of electrodes by 3D printing. This work proposes to evaluate the performance of biochars obtained from different sources as conductive fillers in PLA matrices, which will be transformed into filaments, characterized in terms of morphology and chemical composition, and applied in the fabrication of electrodes. Finally, the electrochemical performance will be investigated to understand the influence of biochar on the electrochemical properties of the composite and to validate its application in low-cost analytical devices.